Table 2.
Analytical methods developed for the analysis of FFT in various matrices.
| Sample preparation | Analysis | Quantification | LOD (μg/L) | Advantages (+)/ drawbacks (-) | Matrices | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-specific techniques | ||||||
| SPME | GC-MS | External calibration | na | (+) less solvents | Fermentation broth | Zha et al. (94) |
| HS-SPME | GC-PFPD | Internal calibration ISTD:(4-methylthio-1-butanol) |
6.0 | (+) less solvents | Baijiu | Sha et al., (10) |
| HS-SPME | GC × GC-TOFMS | na | na | (+) less solvents | Baijiu | Cheng and Xu (83) |
| HS-SPME | GC-MS | Internal calibration ISTD:(2-methyl-3 Heptanone) |
na | (+) less solvents | Beijing roasted duck | Liu et al. (8) |
| HS-SPME | GC-MS | ISTD:(2-octanol) | na | (+) less solvents | Fermented fish | Gao et al., (92) |
| HS-SPME | GC-IMS | ISTD:(2-methyl-3-heptanone) | na | (+) less solvents | Yeast extract | Raza et al., (27) |
| HS-SPME | GC-MS | Internal calibration ISTD:(1,2-dichlorobenzene) |
na | (+) less solvents (+) extremely low limit of quantification |
Coffee | Sun et al., (34) |
| SPME | GC-MS | ISTD:(2-octanol) | na | (+) less solvents | Seasoning product | Li and Liu (15) |
| LLE | GC × GC-SCD | ISTD:(4-(methylthio)-1-butanol) | 0.83 × 10−3 | (-) organic solvent (+) sensitive to sulfur-containing compounds |
Baijiu | Song et al. (14) |
| LLE | GC-FPD | na | na | (-) organic solvent (-) Time-consuming |
Baijiu | Zhang et al. (37) |
| LLE | GC-MS | Internal calibration ISTD: (4-methoxy-2-methyl-2-mercaptobutane) |
na | (-) organic solvents | Soy sauce | Meng et al. (76) |
| SAFE | GC-MS | Internal calibration ISTD:(1,2-dichlorobenzene) |
na | (-) Time-consuming (-) laborious (-) organic solvent |
Youtiao | Du et al. (44) |
| SAFE | GC-MS | Standard addition ISTD:(1-octanol-d18) |
na | (-) long extraction time (-) large sample volume (-) hazardous dichloromethane |
Roasted goose | Gasior et al. (24) |
| SAFE | GC-MS | Internal calibration ISTD:(1,2-dichlorobenzene) |
na | (-) long extraction time (-) large sample volume (-) hazardous dichloromethane |
Pig pork broth | Zhao et al. (68) |
| SBSE | GC-MS | Internal calibration ISTD: (6MH) |
0.36 | (-) pH adjustment | Wine | Elpa et al. (56) |
| Target methods | ||||||
| Extraction with p-HMB and ETP, followed by rinsing on ion exchange resin | GC-MS | Internal calibration ISTD:(ETP derivatives (2FM)) |
na | (-) Time-consuming (-) organic solvent |
Japanese sake | Osafune et al. (23) |
| Derivatization with DTDP followed by SPE extraction | HPLC-MS/MS | External calibration | 0.7~1.5 × 10−3 | (-) organic solvent (+) Moderate amounts of sample required (+) non-hazardous chemical |
Wine | Capone et al. (71) |
| Extraction with p-HMB, followed by rinsing on SPE and adjusting pH | GC-MS | ISTD:(3-methoxymethylbutanethiol, 3MMB) | na | (-) Time-consuming (-) pH adjustment |
Wine | Picard et al. (95) |
| SPE extraction followed by derivatization with DBU and PFBBr | GC-MS | Internal calibration ISTD:(4-methoxy-R-toluenethiol) |
4 × 10−3 | (-) Time-consuming (-) organic solvent (-) Large sample volume needed |
Wine | Mateo-Vivaracho et al. (96) |
| Derivatization with ebselen followed by LLE extraction | HPLC-MS | Internal calibration ISTD:(4-methoxy-α-toluenethiol) |
na | (-) organic solvent (+) extremely low LOQ(0.01ng/L) |
Beer and wine | Vichi et al. (97) |
| Extraction with p-HMB, followed by release from the thiol-p-HMB complex by using cysteamine solution | GC-MS | Internal calibration ISTD:(4-methoxy-2-methyl-2-mercaptobutane) |
na | (-) organic solvent (-) pH adjustment (-) Time-consuming (-) laborious |
Fermented soybean paste miso | Ohata et al. (18) |
| HS-SPME | GC-MS | SIDA ISTD:(2-[2H2]-furfurylthiol) |
na | (+) Simple and fast extraction (+) less solvents (-) expensive reagent |
Coffee | Kulapichitr et al. (93) |
| Derivatization with ebselen followed by extraction with dichloromethane | HPLC-HRMS | Internal calibration ISTD:(4-methoxy-α-toluenethiol) |
na | (+) extremely low LOQ (0.1ng/L) (-) hazardous reagent |
Coffee | Quintanilla-Casas et al. (64) |
| Extraction with hexane and derivatization with ebselen | HPLC-HRMS | Internal calibration ISTD:(4-methoxy-α-toluenethiol) |
na | (-) organic solvent | Coffee powder | Vichi et al. (41) |
| SAFE | GC × GC-TOF-MS | SIDA ISTD:(2-[2H2]-furfurylthiol) |
na | (-) organic solvent (-) Large reagent volume needed (-) time-consuming |
Hazelnuts | Kiefl and Schieberle (6) |
| Derivatization with DTDP and SPE extraction | HPLC-MS/MS | SIDA ISTD: (d5-2-furfurylthiol) |
na | (-) organic solvent (+) moderate amounts of sample required |
Wine | Siebert et al. (12) |
| Derivatization with DTDP and SPE extraction | UPLC-MS/MS | ISTD:(2-phenylethanethiol) internal calibration |
0.001 | (+) moderate amounts of sample required (+) low LOD (-) cumbersome operation (-) organic solvent |
Baijiu | Yan et al. (20) |
na, not available; SIDA, stable isotope dilution assay; DTDP, 4,4-dithiodipyridine; ISTD, internal stand; 6MH, 6-mercaptohexanol; SBSE, stir bar sorptive extraction; DBU, 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene; PFBBr, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzylbromide; SAFE, solvent-assisted flavor evaporation; Ebselen, 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one; LOQ, limit of quantification; ETP derivatives (2FM), derivatization of 2FM using ETP; 2FM, 2-furfurylthiol.