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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 15.
Published in final edited form as: Pain. 2022 Feb 1;163(2):e357–e367. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002375

Table 6.

Averages ± SEs and P-values (α = 0.05) of the features during baseline (N = 7373) and opioid administration events (N = 5076) across all subjects.

Feature Baseline Opioid P
 ACCX_Mean −12.61 ± 0.40 −13.88 ± 0.48 0.0810
 ACCY_Mean −0.50 ± 0.28 −4.52 ± 0.33 <0.00001
 ACCZ_Mean 14.61 ± 0.26 16.22 ± 0.33 <0.00001
 ACCX_Variance 400.46 ± 3.79 411.65 ± 5.57 0.0005
 ACCY_Variance 627.07 ± 6.39 515.52 ± 7.18 <0.00001
 ACCZ_Variance 527.32 ± 4.64 479.79 ± 5.73 <0.00001
 ACCX_D 7176 ± 1835 3645 ± 1552 0.0002
 ACCY_D 37,598 ± 8305 20,393 ± 5714 0.0013
 ACCZ_D 12,789 ± 5120 4515 ± 1156 0.0054
 EDA_Mean 1.41 ± 0.05 0.72 ± 0.003 <0.00001
 EDA_Variance 1.79 ± 0.34 0.45 ± 0.01 <0.00001
 EDA_D 53,300 ± 16,188 1104 ± 67 <0.00001
 HR_Mean 86.98 ± 0.18 81.51 ± 0.2 <0.00001
 HR_Variance 102.74 ± 1.73 77.64 ± 1.65 <0.00001
 HR_D 1118 ± 76 1211 ± 59 <0.00001

p-values less than 0.05 using rank-sum statistics show significant difference.

ACCX, accelerometer x-axis; ACCY, accelerometer y-axis; ACCZ, accelerometer z-axis; HR, heart rate; EDA, electrodermal activity; ACC feature units: unitless (unitless sensor data); EDA feature units: Mean = μS (micro-Siemens); Variance = μS2; D = unitless; HR feature units: Mean = BPM (beats per minute); Variance = BPM2; D = unitless.