. 2023 Jun 30;14:1211134. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1211134

Table 3.

Path coefficients: direct and indirect effects of technostress dimensions and academic motivation on anxiety/depression.

Independent variable	Mediator	Dependent variable	Path A^a (95% C.I.)	Path B^b (95% C.I.)	Direct Effect^c (95% C.I.)	Indirect Effect^d (95% C.I.)	Sobel's Z^e
Techno-overload	Amotivation	Anxiety^f	0.17 (0.11, 0.22)^***	14 (0.10, 0.19)^***	28 (0.23, 0.33)^***	02 (0.01, 0.04)^***	4.23^***
Techno-overload	Amotivation	Depression^f	0.17 (0.11, 0.22)^***	23 (0.20, 0.27)^***	17 (0.13, 0.21)^***	04 (0.02, 0.06)^***	5.15^***
Work-home conflict	Extrinsic motivation—introjected	Anxiety^f	0.10 (0.03, 0.17)^***	07 (0.04, 0.11)^***	24 (0.19, 0.29)^***	01 (0.00, 0.02)^***	2.24^*
	Amotivation	Anxiety^f	0.15 (0.10, 0.21)^***	15 (0.10, 0.19)^***	23 (0.18, 0.27)^***	02 (0.01, 0.04)^***	4.25^***
	Amotivation	Depression^f	0.15 (0.10, 0.21)^***	23 (0.20, 0.27)^***	16 (0.12, 0.20)^***	04 (0.02, 0.05)^***	5.12^***
Techno-ease	Intrinsic motivation—to know	Anxiety^f	0.24 (0.17, 0.32)^***	−0.05 (−0.09, −0.01)^*	−0.20 (−0.26, −0.13)^***	−0.01 (−0.02, −0.00)^*	−2.14^*
	Intrinsic motivation—to know	Depression^f	0.24 (0.17, 0.32)^***	−0.14 (−0.18, −0.11)^***	−0.09 (−0.14, −0.04)^***	−0.04 (−0.05, −0.02)^***	−5.12^***
	Intrinsic motivation—toward accomplishment	Depression^f	0.16 (0.07, 0.25)^***	−0.10 (−0.13, −0.07)^***	−0.11 (−0.16, −0.06)^***	−0.02 (−0.03, −0.01)^**	−3.15^**
	Intrinsic motivation—experience stimulation	Depression^f	0.15 (0.06, 0.23)^***	−0.09 (−0.11, −0.06)^***	−0.12 (−0.17, −0.07)^***	−0.01 (−0.02, −0.00) ^**	−2.88^**
	Extrinsic motivation—identified	Depression^f	0.21 (0.14, 0.28)^***	−0.10 (−0.14, −0.07)^***	−0.11 (−0.16, −0.06)^***	−0.02 (−0.04, −0.01)^***	−4.03^***
	Amotivation	Anxiety^f	−0.13 (−0.20, −0.06)^***	0.16 (0.12, 0.21)^***	−0.19 (−0.25, −0.13)^***	−0.02 (−0.04, −0.01)^***	−3.33^***
	Amotivation	Depression^f	−0.13 (−0.20, −0.06)^***	0.24 (0.21, 0.28)^***	−0.10 (−0.14, −0.05)^***	−0.03 (−0.05, −0.02)^***	−3.64^***
Techno-reliability	Intrinsic motivation—to know	Anxiety^f	0.24 (0.16, 0.32)^***	−0.04 (−0.09, −0.00)^*	−0.26 (−0.32, −0.19)^***	−0.01 (−0.02, −0.00)^*	−2.02^*
	Intrinsic motivation—to know	Depression^f	0.24 (0.16, 0.32)^***	−0.14 (−0.18, −0.11)^***	−0.15 (−0.20, −0.09)^***	−0.03 (−0.05, −0.02)^***	−4.86^***
	Intrinsic motivation—toward accomplishment	Depression^f	0.24 (0.15, 0.34)^***	−0.10 (−0.13, −0.07)^***	−0.16 (−0.21, −0.11)^***	−0.02 (−0.04, −0.01)^***	−4.09^***
	Intrinsic motivation—experience stimulation	Depression^f	0.25 (0.16, 0.34)^***	−0.08 (−0.11, −0.05)^***	−0.16 (−0.22, −0.11)^***	−0.02 (−0.03, −0.01)^***	−3.77^***
	Extrinsic motivation—introjected	Anxiety^f	0.14 (0.15, 0.24)^***	0.10 (0.06, 0.13)^***	−0.28 (−0.35, −0.22)^***	0.01 (0.00, 0.03)^**	2.64^**
	Extrinsic motivation—identified	Depression^f	0.31 (0.24, 0.39)^***	−0.09 (−0.13, −0.06)^***	−0.15 (−0.22, −0.10)^***	−0.03 (−0.04, −0.02)^***	−4.43^***
	Amotivation	Anxiety^f	−0.15 (−0.22, −0.07)^***	0.16 (0.12, 0.20)^***	−0.25 (−0.31, −0.18)^***	−0.02 (−0.04, −0.01)^***	−3.46^***
	Amotivation	Depression^f	−0.15 (−0.22, −0.07)^***	0.24 (0.21, 0.28)^***	−0.15 (−0.20, −0.10)^***	−0.03 (−0.05, −0.02)^***	−3.83^***
Techno-sociality	Intrinsic motivation—to know	Anxiety^g	0.46 (0.34, 0.58)^***	−0.06 (−0.10, −0.02)^**	−0.09 (−0.19, 0.01)	−0.03 (−0.05, −0.01)^**	−2.63^**
	Intrinsic motivation—to know	Depression^f	0.46 (0.34, 0.58)^***	−0.15 (−0.18, −0.11)^***	−0.12 (−0.20, −0.04)^**	−0.07 (−0.10, −0.04)^***	−5.70^***
	Intrinsic motivation—toward accomplishment	Anxiety^f	0.38 (0.24, 0.53)^***	−0.05 (−0.08, −0.01)^*	−0.10 (−0.20, −0.00)^*	−0.02 (−0.04, −0.00)^*	−2.30^*
	Techno-sociality	Depression^f	0.39 (0.24, 0.53)^***	−0.10 (−0.13, −0.07)^***	−0.15 (−0.23, −0.07)^***	−0.04 (−0.06, −0.02)^***	−4.24^***
	Intrinsic motivation—experience stimulation	Depression^f	0.29 (0.16, 0.43)^***	−0.08 (−0.11, −0.05)^***	−0.16 (−0.24, −0.08)^***	−0.02 (−0.04, −0.01)^***	−3.35^***
	Extrinsic motivation—introjected	Anxiety^f	0.35 (0.21, 0.49)^***	0.09 (0.06, 0.13)^***	−0.15 (−0.25, −0.05)^**	0.03 (0.02, 0.05)^***	4.51^***
	Extrinsic motivation—identified	Depression^f	0.47 (0.35, 0.58)^***	−0.10 (−0.14, −0.07^***	−0.14 (−0.22, −0.06)^***	−0.05(−0.07, −0.03)^***	−4.62^***
	Amotivation	Anxiety^g	−0.31 (−0.42, −0.20)^***	0.17 (0.13, 0.22)^***	−0.06 (−0.16, 0.03)	−0.05 (−0.08, −0.03)^***	−4.50^***
	Amotivation	Depression^f	−0.31 (−0.42, −0.20)^***	0.24 (0.21, 0.28)^***	−0.11 (−0.19, −0.03)^**	−0.08 (−0.12, −0.04)^***	−5.20^***

Only significant mediation models were displayed. All the paths are controlled by partner country.

Path A, effect of independent variable on mediator.

Path B, effect of mediator on dependent variable.

Direct effect, effect of independent variable on dependent variable controlling for the mediator.

Indirect effect, effect of independent variable on dependent variable through the mediator.

Sobel's Z, Sobel test results for indirect effect.

Partial mediation.

Full mediation.

p < 0.05.

^**

p < 0.01.

^***

p < 0.001.