Table 2.
Literature review of paediatric patients diagnosed with diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia
| Authors | Main complaints | Medical history | Confirmation in Biopsy | Confirmation in USG | Confirmation in MRI | Laboratory tests abnormality | Medical Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Uckun et al. [4] | Swelling, tenderness, erythema and induration of arm, joint mobility constraint | No past history | + | No data | No data | Eosinophilia | Oral Hydroxyzine |
| A. I. Rodriguez Bandera et al. [5] | Induration of the skin of thigh and buttock, peau d’orange | No past history | No data | + | No data | Mild eosinophilia | GCS, MTX |
| T. Wu Tiffany et al. [6] | Stiffness of forearms, pain with extension of the fingers, thickening of the skin, contracture of the joints | Positive family history- rheumatoid arthritis in the patient's mother, with possible EF and scleroderma overlap | + | No data | + | Eosinophilia, elevated serum aldolase | GCS (intravenous and later oral prednisolone), MTX, Imatinib |
| T.M. Sarah et al. [7] | Decreased energy, weight loss, cough, dyspnoea, malaise, decreased appetite, abdominal pain, pale, night sweats, fever, lymphadenopathy, swelling and stiffness of joints | Confirmed Parvovirus B19 infection | + | No data | No data | Anaemia, eosinophilia, thrombocytosis, elevated ESR, CRP, hypoalbuminemia | IGIV, GCS, NSAID (Naproxen), MTX, Etanercept, Adalimumab |
| M. Antic et al. [8] | Oedema, flaking skin, myalgia, contractures of joints | Mycoplasma-related pneumonia | + | No data | No data | Eosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia, positive antinuclear antibodies, increased leukocytes | Prednisone |
| R. Papa et al. [9] |
Motility limitations and contractures of joints, asthenia, low-grade fever and severe stiffness at upper limbs, hepatosplenomegaly with lymphadenopathy, rhinolalia with inability of swallow |
Respiratory infection, Mycoplasma-related pneumonia |
+ | No data | + | Elevated CRP, ESR, eosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia, increased triglycerides, anti-GDA antibodies, slightly positive ANA | Prednisone, Methylprednisolone infusion, Cyclosporine, MTX |
| T. Ergun et al. [10] |
Stiffness of both arms and neck |
Intensive violin practising | + | No data | + | Elevated CRP, hypergammaglobulinemia, positive antinuclear antibody | GCS, MTX |
| L. Dziadzio et al. [11] |
Unilateral forearm swelling, Stiffness of elbow |
No past history | + | No data | + | Eosinophilia, elevated Il-5 and TGF-β | Prednisone |
| C. Alexanian et al. [12] | Painful plaque on right thigh | Intensive training | + | No data | No data | No data | Minocycline and Clobetasol ointment, Prednisone |
| C. M. Hedrich et al. [13] | Localised thickening and induration of the skin, polyarthritis | No data | + | No data | + | Eosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated eosinophilic cationic protein and ESR | Prednisone, MTX |
| P. Huppke et al. [14] | Stiffness of joints | No past history | + | + | + | Eosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia | Pulsed Methylprednisolone |
| U. Namita et al. [15] | Tightening and swelling of both forearms, morning stiffness, weight loss |
Hypothyroid Intense training before first symptoms |
No data | + | No data | Eosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia, Elevated CRP and ESR, hypercalcemia, raised ACE levels, vitamin D deficiency | GCS, MTX |
| Y. Kan et al. [16] |
Skin thickening, joint stiffness, hypopigmented patches with atrophy in the neck and trunk and cutaneous sclerosis |
No past history | + | No data | No data | Eosinophilia | Methylprednisolone, MTX |
| A. B. Lese et al. [17] | Pain, swelling, erythema and cellulitis from left hand to forearm | No past history | + | No data | + | Elevated CRP | Arthrotomy, Clindamycin, Vancomycin and Piperacillin/Tazobactam, NSAID |
| Y. Liu et al. [18] | Swelling, myalgia, stiffness, tightness and aching in muscles | Emotional tension | + | No data | + | Eosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated CRP, ESR | Systemic GCS |
| K. Loupasaki et al. [19] | Fatigue, weight loss, tightness of skin, peau d’orange changes, joint contractures, induration of the skin | No past history | + | No data | + | Eosinophilia, elevated platelet count and ESR | Oral Prednisone, Pulsed Methylprednisolone, MMF |
| M. Verenes et al. [20] | Stiffness and mild aching in the forearms, peau d’orange changes, induration of the skin | No data | + | + | Not performed | Eosinophilia | Prednisolone |
| A.G. Ortega-Loyaza et al. [21] | Stiffness, thickening of the skin, limitation of mobility of joints, diffuse hair loss, weight loss | Exposure to a chemical and biological agents | + | No data | + | Eosinophilia, anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated aldolase level, serum urea nitrogen, proteinuria and hematuria | Prednisone, MTX |
| S. Pillen et al. [22] | Painless limitation of movement with stiffness of fingers, thickening of the skin, reduced muscles force | No data | + | + | + | Eosinophilia, elevated IgG level and slightly decreased IgA level | Prednisolone, MTX |
| A. Pituch-Noworolska et al. [23] | Pain and cramps of the right lower thigh with erythema and swollen of the skin | X-linked agammaglobulinemia Injury before episode | + | + | + | Elevated CRP | NSAID, GCS, IVIG, MTX, MMF |
| N. Poliak et al. [24] | Diffuse oedema and erythema of the face, abdomen and extremities, Induration of the skin, peau d’orange changes | EF in first line cousin | No data | + | + | Eosinophilia |
Antihistamines, oral GCS, MTX Methylprednisolone pulses, Infliximab |
| M. M. Rutter et al. [25] | Painless symmetric swelling of wrists and ankles, with restriction of joints polyuria, nocturia | No data | + | No data | + | Eosinophilia, anaemia, hypercalcemia, increased ESR, creatinine, ACE, aldolase and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), elevated urinary calcium excretion | GCS, MTX |
| C. Sullivan et al. [26] | Stiffness and swelling of joints, general malaise and weight loss, skin induration | Confirmed illness in siblings | + | No data | Performed with normal imaging | Eosinophilia, elevated IgG, ESR, HLA-A2-positive | Prednisolone, MTX |
| N. Tzaribachev et al. [27] | Mobility limitation with pain, skin thickening, peau d’orange | No medical history | + | No data | Performed with no confirmed arthritis | Eosinophilia, elevated ESR, CRP, positive ANA 1:160, low-grade positive antibodies against nucleoli | Prednisolone, Methylprednisolone, MTX, Infliximab |
| A. I. Quintero-Del-Rio et al. [28] | Tightening, dryness, pigmentation of the skin, muscles weakness, loss of weight Raynaud ‘s phenomenon, generalised fatigue, peau d’orange | Urinary tract infection | + | No data | No data | Leucocytosis, eosinophilia, anaemia, elevated ESR, LDH, aldolase | Prednisone, MTX |
| O. Shamriz et al. [29] | Myalgia | Tonsillectomy | + | No data | Not performed | Elevated creatine phosphokinase | No data |
GKS glucocorticosteroids, MTX methotrexate, IVIG intravenous immunoglobulins, NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, MMF mycophenolate mofetil