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. 2023 Jul 14;14:4210. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39848-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Physical picture of flow cell. b Schematic diagram of the internal structure of flow cell. c Polarization curves for flow cell at 25 and 60 °C in 1 M AA solution. d Faraday rate of hydrogen production with 1 M AA solution. e A comparison of electricity expense for hydrogen production with water electrooxidation^49–52 and biomass electrooxidation^53–56 systems. Orange, green and blue regions represent electrooxidation for biomass, water and AA.