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. 2023 Jul 14;14(7):431. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-05951-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — A Western blotting analysis showed YWHAZ was overexpressed in Pan02 cells (Pan02 Yw-OV) compared to the control cells (Pan02 Yw-WT). B Tumor growth was not affected by YWHAZ overexpression in s.c. model (n = 7; ns, not significant). C YWHAZ overexpression was associated with worse overall survival in s.c. model (n = 12, *p < 0.05, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis). D YWHAZ overexpression resulted in more lung macro-metastasis in s.c. model. Representative images of macro-metastatic lung nodules were shown. E Macro-metastatic lung nodules were compared between Pan02 Yw-OV and Pan02 Yw-WT (n = 7, *p < 0.05). F Validation of YWHAZ overexpression in AsPC-1 by Western blotting analysis (AsPC-1 YW-OV). G and H YWHAZ overexpression resulted in more micro-metastatic (G) and macro-metastatic (H) lung lesions in o.r. model (n = 6, *p < 0.05). I Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that YWHAZ overexpression significantly shortened the overall survival time in AsPC-1 cells in o.r. model (n = 5, *p < 0.01). J Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that high YWHAZ expression in pancreatic tumor samples was associated with a worse prognosis in clinical patients (data from TCGA and HPA database, N = 173, median survival time in high and low expression group was 15.33 and 23.17 months, respectively). The multivariate COX regression analysis, integrated with patients’ age, gender, and TNM stage, revealed YWHAZ was an independent negative prognostic factor for pancreatic cancer (HR = 2.65, 95%; CI:1.68–4.16; p < 0.0001).