Table 5. Distribution of various purposes of TDM across WHO regions, continents, income group and urbanization status.
| Purpose of TDM | Side
Effects N (%) |
Adherence
N (%) |
Clinical
Efficacy N (%) |
Drug
Interactions N (%) |
Dose
Titration N (%) |
Method
Validation N (%) |
Genetic
Variations N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N=77) | 33 (42.8) | 7 (9.0) | 12 (15.5) | 8 (10.3) | 4 (5.1) | 2 (2.5) | 11 (14.2) |
| Region | |||||||
| Americas (N=1) | - | - | 1 (100.0) | - | - | - | - |
| Western Pacific
(N=16) |
1 (6.2) | 1 (6.2) | 3 (18.7) | 3 (18.7) | 1 (6.2) | 2 (12.5) | 5 (31.2) |
| Europe (N=35) | 22 (62.8) | - | 3 (8.5) | 4 (11.4) | 1 (2.8) | - | 5 (14.2) |
| Eastern
Mediterranean (N=3) |
- | - | 2 (66.6) | - | - | - | 1 (33.3) |
| African (N=23) | 10 (43.4) | 6 (26.0) | 3 (13.0) | 1 (4.3) | 2 (8.6) | 1 (4.3) | - |
| P value | >0.05 | 0.012 | 0.023 | 0.528 | 0.635 | 0.215 | 0.025 |
| Continent | |||||||
| South America (N=1) | - | - | 1 (100.0) | - | - | - | - |
| Asia (N=17) | 2 (11.7) | 1 (5.8) | 3 (17.6) | 3 (17.6) | 1 (5.8) | 2 (11.7) | 5 (29.4) |
| Europe (N=35) | 22 (62.8) | - | 3 (8.5) | 4 (11.4) | 1 (2.8) | - | 5 (14.2) |
| Africa (N=25) | 10 (40.0) | 6 (24.0) | 5 (20.0) | 1 (4.0) | 2 (8.0) | 1 (4.0) | - |
| P value | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.108 | 0.416 | 0.823 | 0.122 | 0.020 |
| Income | |||||||
| Low-income (N=4) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | - | - | 1 (25.0) | - |
| Lower-middle-
income (N=5) |
- | 1 (20.0) | 2 (40.0) | - | - | - | 2 (40.0) |
| Upper-middle-
income (N=69) |
32 (46.3) | 5 (7.2) | 9 (13.0) | 8 (11.5) | 4 (5.7) | 2 (2.8) | 9 (13.0) |
| P value | 0.097 | 0.183 | 0.184 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.157 | 0.226 |
| Urbanization | |||||||
| Urban (N=74) | 33 (44.5) | 5 (6.7) | 11 (14.8) | 8 (10.8) | 4 (5.4) | 2 (2.7) | 11 (14.8) |
| Rural (N=7) | 1 (14.2) | 3 (42.8) | 2 (28.5) | - | - | 1 (14.2) | - |
| P value | 0.123 | 0.019 | 0.372 | 0.469 | 0.692 | 0.240 | 0.345 |