Table 2.
Demographic, clinical, and first EVD catheter characteristics
| N = 198 | Pre-UP n = 87 | Post-UP n = 111 | Bivariate | Regression | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean, SD) | 53 ± 14 | 57 ± 15 | NS | NS | |
| Gender | Female | 56% | 53% | NS | NS |
| Pathological history | Diabetes | 18% | 12% | NS | |
| Hypertension | 37% | 40% | NS | ||
| COPD | 50% | 50% | NS | ||
| Renal failure | 0% | 4% | NS | ||
| Alcoholism | 5% | 3% | NS | ||
| Other | |||||
| Diagnosis at hospital admission | SAH | 40% | 45% | 0.004 | NS |
| ICH | 15% | 31% | |||
| Tumor | 23% | 7% | |||
| TBI | 5% | 4% | |||
| VPSD | 2% | 0% | |||
| Other | 15% | 13% | |||
| GCS median (Q1–Q3) | Hospital admission | 14 (9–15) | 12 (7–15) | 0.033 | NS |
| GCS median (Q1–Q3) | ICU admission | 10 (6–14) | 8 (5–13) | 0.031 | NS |
| Severity scales | APACHE III (mean, SD) | 52 ± 28 | 59 ± 24 | NS | |
| SOFA (median, Q1–Q3) | 5 (3–7) | 6 (5–9) | 0.014 | 0.04 | |
| Previous neuro-intervention | 46% | 31% | 0.027 | ||
| Intraventricular hemorrhage | 54% | 76% | 0.001 | NS | |
| Concomitant infection | 82% | 86% | NS | NS | |
| Nasal colonization | 3% | 2% | NS | ||
| Rectal colonization | 22% | 13% | NS | ||
| Barbiturate | 2% | 3% | NS | ||
| Steroids | 59% | 52% | NS | ||
| Intrathecal urokinase | 9% | 3% | 0.048 | NS | |
| Mechanical ventilation (MV) | 85% | 82% | NS | ||
| Days of MV | Median, Q1–Q3 | 3 (1–16) | 8 (1–18) | NS | |
| Tracheostomy | 28% | 30% | NS | ||
| Length of stay in ICU | Median, Q1–Q3 | 12 (2–25) | 9 (2–22) | NS | |
| Length of stay in hospital | Median, Q1–Q3 | 39 (19–63) | 30 (17–49) | 0.018 | |
| GOS at hospital discharge | Dead | 24% | 27% | NS | |
| Vegetative state | 1% | 1% | |||
| Alive and conscious | 75% | 72% | |||
| First EVD catheter characteristics | |||||
| Operator | R1 | 2% | 6% | 0.032 | NS |
| R2 | 13% | 20% | |||
| R3 | 17% | 20% | |||
| R4 | 23% | 13% | |||
| R5 | 10% | 5% | |||
| Neurosurgeon | 33% | 27% | |||
| Other hospital or unknown | 1% | 9% | |||
| Place of insertion | Critical units | 52% | 55% | NS | |
| Ward | 3% | 3% | |||
| Operating room | 37% | 28% | |||
| Emergency box | 8% | 12% | |||
| Other hospital | 0% | 2% | |||
| Tunneled | 59% | 97% | 0.000 | P < 0.001 | |
| ICP monitoring | 78% | 79% | NS | ||
| Prophylaxis | 94% | 97% | NS | ||
| Complications during insertion | Misplacement/hematoma | 25% | 12% | 0.021 | P < 0.001 |
| No necessary | 44% | 52% | |||
| Ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion | 14% | 13% | |||
| Reason for catheter removal | Misplacement, obstruction, dysfunction, surgery, or accidental removal | 34% | 18% | 0,007 | NS |
| Death or withdrawal of care | 8% | 17% | |||
| Days of EVD | 9 (4–15) | 12 (7–15) | NS | NS | |
APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, EVD External ventricular drain, GOS Glasgow outcome scale, ICH Intracerebral hemorrhage, ICU Intensive Care Unit; Q1 quartile 1, Q3 quartile 3, SAH Subarachnoid hemorrhage, SD standard deviation, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score, TBI Traumatic brain injury, VPSD Ventriculoperitoneal shunt dysfunction, NS Not significant