Table 2. Quality assessment of cross-sectional studies using the JBI critical appraisal checklist.
Y, yes; N, no; JBI, Joanna Briggs Institute
| Author and year | Hajare and Mudhol, 2022 [10] | Omar et al., 2022 [11] | Zaqqout and Hamad, 2022 [13] | Choi et al., 2020 [15] | Gohari et al., 2020 [16] | Hardani et al., 2020 [17] | Araujo et al., 2019 [19] | Wroblewska-Seniuk et al., 2018 [21] | Abu-Shaheen et al., 2014 [23] | Eras et al., 2014 [24] | Karaca et al., 2014 [25] | Mukherjee et al., 2013 [26] |
| Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Were objective, standard criteria used for the measurement of the condition? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Were confounding factors identified? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way? | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y |
| Total score | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 |