Table 3.
Laboratory Parameters in COVID-19 Patients Within 24 Hours After Admission
| Normal Range | All Patients (n=118) | Non-Severe (n=64) | Severe (n=38) | Death (n=16) | χ | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood cell analysis | |||||||
| WBC (×109/L)b | 3.50–9.50 | 6.54(4.47–8.43) | 6.51(4.83–7.60) | 5.91(3.93–8.69) | 8.5(7.15–11.04) | 9.04 | 0.011* |
| Neutrophils (×109/L)b | 1.80–6.30 | 5.17(3.59–7.20) | 4.96(3.76–6.47) | 4.79(3.11–7.95) | 7.52(5.73–10.48) | 9.69 | 0.008* |
| Lymphocytes (×109/L)b | 1.10–3.20 | 0.67(0.46–1.16) | 0.97(0.59–1.75) | 0.58(0.40–0.71) | 0.33(0.21–0.78) | 28.07 | <0.001* |
| Monocytes (×109/L)b | 0.10–0.60 | 0.37(0.21–0.54) | 0.35(0.18–0.54) | 0.31(0.21–0.52) | 0.48(0.42–0.58) | 5.33 | 0.07 |
| Platelet (×109/L)b | 125.00–350.00 | 195.5(138.75–248.25) | 205(172.75–277.00) | 192.5(137.25–238.25) | 130.50(95.00–202.75) | 13.46 | 0.001* |
| Hemoglobin (g/L)b | 130.00–175.00 | 132(119–143.25) | 137(119.25–147.00) | 130.50(118.5–141.50) | 129(113.00–136.25) | 2.89 | 0.235 |
| NLR (%)b | - | 6.81(3.99–10.63) | 4.99(3.19–7.48) | 7.89(5.60–14.02) | 20.92(8.34–40.76) | 35.73 | <0.001* |
| MLR (%)b | - | 0.51(0.23–0.80) | 0.30(0.15–0.64) | 0.61(0.34–0.84) | 1.17(0.57–2.43) | 25.60 | <0.001* |
| PLR (%)b | - | 264.94(168.07–378.33) | 250.01(138.01–291.00) | 307.28(224.24–513.85) | 373.67(176.42–728.13) | 12.65 | 0.002* |
| HALP (%)b | - | 17.26(10.70–33.36) | 20.58(15.69–38.21) | 12.82(9.19–24.30) | 9.45(6.06–22.93) | 16.48 | <0.001* |
| Arterial blood gas analysis | |||||||
| PHb | 7.35–7.45 | 7.43(7.40–7.46) | 7.43(7.41–7.46) | 7.43(7.38–7.45) | 7.40(7.19–7.48) | 2.281 | 0.320 |
| PCO2(mmHg)b | 35.00–45.00 | 36(32.20–40.30) | 35.10(33.90–37.50) | 37.30(33.10–41.90) | 33.50(26.50–70.90) | 6.40 | 0.041* |
| PO2(mmHg)b | 80.00–108.00 | 67.40(60.50–84.80) | 84.2(63.25–93.40) | 67(60.60–71.30) | 46.40(30.43–63.83) | 33.05 | <0.001* |
| Oxygenation indexb | 400–500 | 289(183–321) | 295(264.50–322) | 246(135–319) | 141(132–228.75) | 29.76 | <0.001* |
| Liver function | |||||||
| ALT (U/L)b | 9.00–50.00 | 22.15(17.60–34.93) | 20.15(15.73–24.20) | 27(20.93–37.7) | 40.05(19.53–50.88) | 16.52 | <0.001* |
| AST (U/L)b | 15.00–40.00 | 29.15(22.38–43.03) | 26.40(18.35–35.03) | 34.85(28.30–52.60) | 43.15(30.50–110.85) | 19.75 | <0.001* |
| Total protein (g/L)b | 65.00–85.00 | 67.95(63.58–72.30) | 69.55(65.78–74.25) | 67.15(63.28–68.95) | 61.45(59.73–67.60) | 20.57 | <0.001* |
| Albumin (g/L)b | 40.00–55.00 | 35.35(31.53–38.00) | 36.30(33.88–38.10) | 36(30.95–38.40) | 31.60(30.13–34.00) | 11.89 | 0.003* |
| Globulin (g/L)b | 20.00–40.00 | 32.90(29.78–35.48) | 34.10(31.95–36.80) | 30.95(28.55–33.23) | 29.95(28.70–35.90) | 14.40 | 0.001* |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)b | 3.90–6.10 | 8.27(7.14–12.45) | 7.21(6.21–9.26) | 11.94(8.09–14.77) | 10.10(8.15–13.28) | 20.83 | <0.001* |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L)b | <1.70 | 0.90(0.71–1.27) | 0.81(0.66–0.97) | 1.17(0.77–2.24) | 1.20(0.94–1.95) | 21.91 | <0.001* |
| Kidney function | |||||||
| BUN (mmol/L)b | 3.60–9.50 | 6.15(5.30–10.23) | 5.85(5.13–6.95) | 8.15(5.75–11.58) | 11.85(7.48–28.08) | 22.67 | 0.003* |
| Cr (μmol/L)b | 57.00–111.00 | 66(55.00–87.62) | 63(54.25–72.00) | 67.88(53.89–91.25) | 89.50(69.61–105.50) | 9.57 | 0.008* |
| PCT (ng/mL)b | 0.00–0.51 | 0.57(0.36–1.21) | 0.41(0.30–1.50) | 0.52(0.40–0.89) | 1.12(0.67–4.23) | 11.55 | 0.003* |
| CRP (mg/L)b | <5 | 41.61(9.85–99.18) | 12.05(3.30–72.48) | 73.06(29.74–128.88) | 86(70.30–105.14) | 29.95 | <0.001* |
| ESR (mm/H)b | 0.00–15.00 | 33(16.00–59.25) | 32.5(16.00–55.75) | 31(13.75–49.50) | 48(32.25–76.50) | 3.90 | 0.142 |
| Urine sugar, n (%)a | - | 22(18.6) | 6(9.4) | 14(36.8) | 2(12.5) | 12.22 | 0.002* |
| Urinary protein, n (%)a | - | 12(10.2) | 2(3.1) | 6(15.8) | 4(25.0) | 8.57 | 0.014* |
| Myocardial enzyme profile | |||||||
| CK (U/L)b | 50.00–310.00 | 88(52.75–154.75) | 73(46.71–101.00) | 97.12(72.75–229.25) | 150.50(113.75–194.50) | 22.46 | <0.001* |
| LDH (U/L)b | 120.00–250.00 | 270(221.00–362.73) | 256(214.50–295.50) | 299.75(231.50–369.70) | 509.50(339.50–641.50) | 22.50 | <0.001* |
| HBDH (U/L)b | 72.00–182.00 | 178.2(152.55–233.40) | 164(143.00–178.80) | 202(177.93–231.00) | 312.7(243.75–343.00) | 34.09 | <0.001* |
| CK-MB (U/L)b | <19.00 | 9.31(6.65–12.10) | 8.5(6.23–10.18) | 10.80(7.53–13.79) | 12.45(9.20–15.43) | 11.87 | 0.003* |
| Hs-cTn (pg/mL)b | 0.00–19.80 | 8.11(5.03–13.19) | 5.96(2.73–8.71) | 11.15(7.63–19.23) | 10.80(9.13–16.87) | 23.56 | <0.001* |
| Myoglobin (ng/mL)b | 17.40–105.70 | 50.05(34.78–82.00) | 39(25.65–47.40) | 77.50(56.45–89.83) | 85.2(82.30–132.88) | 46.85 | <0.001* |
| Coagulation function | |||||||
| BNP (pg/mL)b | 0.00–100.00 | 67.20(38.58–121.40) | 41.8(24.70–82.70) | 90.45(60.35–180.05) | 86.7(65.20–187.45) | 24.66 | <0.001* |
| D-dimer (ng/mL)b | 0.00–243.00 | 301(181.25–608.25) | 262.5(161.75–420.00) | 399.50(219.00–703.25) | 456(285.50–2393.50) | 12.29 | 0.002* |
| Fibrinogen (g/L)b | 2.38–4.98 | 3.94(2.97–4.67) | 3.43(2.90–4.15) | 4.14(3.74–4.67) | 4.45(3.48–5.58) | 8.39 | 0.015* |
| PT (S)b | 11.50–14.80 | 14.45(13.48–15.83) | 14.35(13.23–15.48) | 14.65(13.58–16.30) | 14.60(13.23–17.18) | 2.69 | 0.261 |
| INR (%)b | 0.80–1.20 | 1.07(1.00–1.15) | 1.05(1.00–1.13) | 1.09(1.00–1.15) | 1.09(0.97–1.37) | 1.82 | 0.403 |
| Immune cell subsets | |||||||
| T Lymphocytes (pcs/uL)b | 636.00–2040.00 | 395.74(219.36–516.23) | 444.69(258.99–618.03) | 344.90(218.73–451.73) | 232.54(120.52–411.65) | 17.99 | <0.001* |
| B Lymphocytes (pcs/uL)b | 90.00–423.00 | 83(52.95–110.45) | 103.78(60.12–132.29) | 60.91(50.79–106.38) | 56.89(37.35–67.05) | 15.43 | <0.001* |
| Th (pcs/uL)b | 378.00–1245.00 | 157(98.19–312.48) | 211.65(110.50–330.89) | 100.55(73.15–252.05) | 95.95(48.42–160.15) | 17.45 | <0.001* |
| Ts (pcs/uL)b | 128.00–993.00 | 137.20(102.70–233.73) | 212.49(101.13–325.55) | 134.83(120.69–168.44) | 103.68(72.86–123.68) | 17.66 | <0.001* |
| NK (pcs/uL)b | 93.00–580.00 | 144.86(105.15–248.30) | 158.48(135.82–245.50) | 104.95(76.09–235.97) | 138.76(115.75–257.09) | 9.60 | 0.008* |
| CD4+T cell subsets | |||||||
| Th1 (pcs/uL)b | 5.52–182.00 | 34.90(18.70–55.97) | 50.01(22.63–79.21) | 15.38(10.32–30.20) | 38.85(29.66–47.41) | 25.23 | <0.001* |
| Th2 (pcs/uL)b | 4.04–21.00 | 2.52(2.15–4.62) | 3.22(2.40–5.44) | 2.33(1.15–4.36) | 2.35(2.15–2.62) | 9.68 | 0.008* |
| Th1/Th2 (%)b | 0.73–18.50 | 11.44(5.78–19.45) | 12.40(6.53–22.71) | 7.74(4.31–16.53) | 15.22(6.68–21.42) | 6.11 | 0.047* |
| Th17 (pcs/uL)b | 3.07–14.00 | 3.2(1.91–6.83) | 5.45(2.64–8.15) | 2.44(0.76–4.14) | 2.53(1.61–6.55) | 27.70 | <0.001* |
| Treg (pcs/uL)b | 17.70–54.20 | 5.42(3.89–9.16) | 7.44(4.41–13.26) | 4.71(3.30–8.11) | 3.80(2.59–5.08) | 20.92 | <0.001* |
| Th17/Treg (%)b | 0.09–4.47 | 0.54(0.32–0.88) | 0.59(0.40–1.05) | 0.38(0.24–0.56) | 0.72(0.34–1.63) | 16.74 | <0.001* |
| Cytokines | |||||||
| IL-2 (pg/mL)b | 0.08–5.71 | 2.01(1.66–2.52) | 2.07(1.59–2.73) | 2.11(1.60–2.52) | 1.94(1.81–2.07) | 0.30 | 0.861 |
| IL-4 (pg/mL)b | 0.10–2.80 | 1.73(0.97–3.34) | 2.87(1.52–4.25) | 1.35(0.95–2.32) | 1.24(0.80–1.41) | 17.72 | <0.001* |
| IL-6 (pg/mL)b | 1.18–5.30 | 6.13(3.35–15.30) | 6.83(2.74–19.23) | 5.46(4.29–9.30) | 9.08(5.23–15.01) | 1.99 | 0.370 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL)b | 0.91–4.91 | 3.80(3.43–4.97) | 3.65(3.15–3.96) | 4.76(3.51–6.25) | 4.27(3.74–4.67) | 12.60 | 0.002* |
| IL-17 (pg/mL)b | <20.60 | 2.94(2.31–5.53) | 4.12(2.45–5.47) | 2.80(1.60–6.17) | 2.93(1.75–5.48) | 0.95 | 0.622 |
| IFN-γ (pg/mL)b | 0.16–7.42 | 2.85(2.12–3.66) | 3.12(2.31–4.04) | 2.57(2.03–3.24) | 2.43(1.95–3.02) | 7.88 | 0.020* |
| TNF-α (pg/mL)b | 0.10–2.30 | 2.28(1.70–2.77) | 2.42(1.73–2.89) | 2.04(1.33–2.39) | 2.33(1.90–2.55) | 7.35 | 0.025* |
| Immunoglobulins | |||||||
| IgA (g/L)b | 0.70–4.00 | 2.24(1.42–3.05) | 3.02(2.64–3.52) | 1.44(0.93–1.82) | 1.32(0.96–2.10) | 59.25 | <0.001* |
| IgG (g/L)b | 7.00–16.00 | 11.91(8.80–14.62) | 14.47(13.21–15.23) | 8.91(7.51–10.02) | 8.94(8.05–10.53) | 68.94 | <0.001* |
| IgM (g/L)b | 0.40–2.30 | 0.73(0.58–1.11) | 0.96(0.77–1.54) | 0.58(0.51–0.69) | 0.61(0.51–0.72) | 48.96 | <0.001* |
Notes: Numeric variables were reported as Med (iqr 25–75%). All statistically significant values are reported in bold. aFrequency (%) and χ test between non-severe versus (severe diseases or death); bMed (iqr 25–75%) and Kruskal–Wallis One Way ANOVA test. *P<0.05.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; Med, Median; iqr, Interquartile range; WBC, White blood cell; NLR, Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; MLR, Monocyte-to- lymphocyte ratio; PLR, Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; HALP, Hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet score; ALT, Alanine transaminase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; Cr, Creatinine; PCT, Procalcitonin; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, Erythrocyte sedimentation Rate; CK, Creatine kinase; LDH, lactic dehydrogenase; HBDH, α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; CK-MB, Creatine kinase-MB; Hs-cTn, High sensitivity troponin; BNP, B type natriuretic peptide; PT, Prothrombin time; INR, International Normalized Ratio; Th, Helper T cell; Ts, Suppressor T cell; NK, natural killer cell; IFN-γ, Interferon Gamma; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α.