Table 2.
Anthropometric, clinical and biochemical characteristics of the subjects at baseline and after 12 weeks
| Characteristic | Control bread (n = 30) | P value | Enriched bread (n = 30) | P value | P value (endpoint between groups) | P value (change from baseline between groups) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Endpoint | Change from baseline | Baseline | Endpoint | Change from baseline | |||||
| Sex (male/female) | 13/17 | 13/17 | – | – | 16/14 | 16/14 | – | – | – | – |
| Age (years) | 59.2 ± 8.8 | 59.2 ± 8.8 | – | – | 56.6 ± 10.4 | 56.6 ± 10.4 | – | – | – | – |
| Weight (kg) | 93.2 ± 18.2 | 89.4 ± 17.5 | − 3.8 ± 2.2 | < 0.001 | 94.9 ± 16.5 | 89.7 ± 15.6 | − 5.2 ± 3.0 | < 0.001 | 0.927 | 0.058 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.3 ± 5.3 | 31.9 ± 5.0 | − 1.3 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | 33.0 ± 4.3 | 31.2 ± 4.0 | − 1.8 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 | 0.587 | 0.090 |
| WC (cm) | 111.7 ± 13.3 | 106.9 ± 12.2 | − 4.7 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 | 112.8 ± 11.1 | 107.3 ± 10.0 | − 5.5 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 | 0.908 | 0.205 |
| Body fat (%) | 38.0 ± 9.0 | 35.8 ± 9.1 | − 2.3 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 | 37.1 ± 8.1 | 33.8 ± 8.8 | − 3.3 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 | 0.419 | 0.038 |
| Body fat mass (kg) | 35.4 ± 12.7 | 32.0 ± 11.9 | – | < 0.001 | 35.5 ± 10.2 | 30.6 ± 9.8 | – | < 0.001 | 0.636 | – |
| Lean mass (kg) | 56.2 ± 10.9 | 55.8 ± 10.7 | − 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.240 | 59.6 ± 12.6 | 59.4 ± 12.4 | − 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.528 | 0.255 | 0.784 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 133.5 ± 19.2 | 126.0 ± 14.5 | − 7.4 ± 2.7 | 0.011 | 130.8 ± 17.9 | 119.4 ± 13.8 | − 11.4 ± 2.6 | < 0.001 | 0.074 | 0.292 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 85.2 ± 10.7 | 82.2 ± 11.3 | − 4.5 ± 4.0 | 0.048 | 82.9 ± 9.7 | 78.2 ± 7.4 | − 11.2 ± 2.6 | 0.002 | 0.106 | 0.163 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 142.3 ± 45.5 | 123.2 ± 43.4 | − 19.1 ± 7.8 | 0.021 | 132.8 ± 50.2 | 101.4 ± 19.9 | − 31.4 ± 9.9 | 0.004 | 0.015 | 0.335 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.9 ± 1.2 | 6.4 ± 0.9 | − 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.001 | 6.8 ± 1.0 | 6.0 ± 0.6 | − 0.8 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 | 0.093 | 0.333 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 172.6 ± 44.3 | 165.0 ± 34.6 | − 7.5 ± 5.5 | 0.185 | 167.0 ± 49.3 | 158.2 ± 44.7 | − 8.8 ± 5.6 | 0.018 | 0.444 | 0.687 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 46.6 ± 12.4 | 45.7 ± 10.7 | − 0.2 ± 1.5 | 0.399 | 46.6 ± 13.1 | 46.7 ± 13.2 | + 0.1 ± 0.8 | 0.894 | 0.648 | 0.930 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 93.0 ± 33.1 | 92.5 ± 30.1 | − 0.5 ± 4.7 | 0.916 | 95.2 ± 44.5 | 88.5 ± 40.4 | − 6.7 ± 3.8 | 0.043 | 0.797 | 0.216 |
| Triacylglycerols (mg/dL) | 151.6 ± 61.4 | 140.9 ± 70.1 | − 10.3 ± 7.8 | 0.201 | 129.4 ± 52.8 | 121.0 ± 55.8 | − 8.4 ± 5.8 | 0.158 | 0.231 | 0.191 |
| AST (U/L) | 19.3 ± 7.3 | 18.1 ± 7.6 | − 1.2 ± 0.9 | 0.178 | 18.3 ± 6.3 | 17.7 ± 5.5 | − 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.447 | 0.816 | 0.580 |
| ALT (U/L) | 23.4 ± 12.2 | 20.5 ± 11.9 | − 2.9 ± 1.3 | 0.031 | 23.1 ± 11.2 | 19.4 ± 9.1 | − 3.7 ± 1.5 | 0.017 | 0.680 | 0.657 |
| γ-GT (U/L) | 23.7 ± 12.1 | 21.3 ± 9.7 | − 2.4 ± 1.0 | 0.027 | 24.0 ± 10.0 | 21.6 ± 8.3 | − 2.6 ± 1.3 | 0.066 | 0.671 | 0.991 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 34.7 ± 9.3 | 36.7 ± 10.8 | + 2.0 ± 1.2 | 0.120 | 34.4 ± 9.9 | 34.4 ± 9.5 | + 0.0 ± 1.5 | 1.000 | 0.384 | 0.323 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | + 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.111 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | + 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.126 | 0.829 | 0.455 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.6 ± 1.5 | 5.8 ± 1.3 | + 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.124 | 5.4 ± 1.6 | 5.5 ± 1.3 | + 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.612 | 0.376 | 0.298 |
Values are expressed as mean ± SD
Paired samples t-test has been performed regarding intra-group changes, while independent samples t-test has been performed regarding inter-group changes
BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, γ-GT γ-glutamyl transferase
Values in bold denote statistical significance at P<0.05 level