Table 4.
Changes in levels of hormones and inflammatory markers for the two groups
| Characteristic | Control bread (n = 30) | P value | Enriched bread (n = 30) | P value | P value (endpoint between groups) | P value (change from baseline between groups) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Endpoint | Change from baseline | Baseline | Endpoint | Change from baseline | |||||
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 16.39 ± 1.88 | 18.11 ± 2.71 | + 1.66 ± 0.39 | 0.241 | 15.78 ± 1.56 | 12.09 ± 1.45 | − 4.36 ± 0.72 | 0.032 | 0.055 | 0.008 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 26.25 ± 3.52 | 25.35 ± 2.26 | − 0.90 ± 0.53 | 0.560 | 27.00 ± 2.26 | 23.38 ± 1.83 | − 3.62 ± 1.01 | 0.081 | 0.603 | 0.286 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 5.09 ± 1.13 | 4.21 ± 0.66 | − 1.83 ± 0.78 | 0.144 | 3.92 ± 1.13 | 3.36 ± 0.88 | − 0.30 ± 0.41 | 0.169 | 0.178 | 0.090 |
| oxLDL (mU/mL) | 95.78 ± 4.12 | 92.21 ± 3.59 | − 3.57 ± 2.64 | 0.187 | 103.86 ± 3.83 | 97.88 ± 3.26 | − 5.98 ± 2.09 | 0.128 | 0.247 | 0.606 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.38 ± 0.07 | 0.45 ± 0.08 | + 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.278 | 0.47 ± 0.12 | 0.25 ± 0.07 | − 0.22 ± 0.07 | 0.019 | 0.077 | 0.010 |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 8.54 ± 0.39 | 8.60 ± 0.35 | + 0.06 ± 0.08 | 0.713 | 8.47 ± 0.29 | 9.45 ± 0.35 | + 3.91 ± 0.29 | 0.002 | 0.096 | 0.010 |
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM
Paired samples t-test has been performed regarding intra-group changes, while independent samples t-test has been performed regarding inter-group changes
Values in bold denote statistical significance at the P<0.05 level