Table 2.
Adjusted mean levels (95% confidence interval) of inflammatory markers according to frequency of avocado consumption, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (Exam 1), United States
| Inflammatory markerb | Avocado/guacamole consumptiona | p for trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rare or never | Medium | Heavy | ||
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | ||||
| Model 1c | 1.80 (1.73–1.87) | 1.79 (1.64–1.96) | 1.65 (1.49–1.84) | 0.19 |
| Model 2d | 2.48 (2.31–2.67) | 2.51 (2.26–2.79) | 2.47 (2.19–2.77) | 0.97 |
| Model 3e | 2.52 (2.36–2.69) | 2.50 (2.26–2.77) | 2.54 (2.27–2.83) | 0.94 |
| Interleukin-2 (pg/mL) | ||||
| Model 1c | 957.62 (940.12–975.44) | 937.40 (897.01–979.61) | 950.87 (904.49–999.63) | 0.59 |
| Model 2d | 999.24 (964.29–1035.47) | 979.09 (928.16–1032.82) | 992.76 (935.49–1052.54) | 0.62 |
| Model 3e | 997.03 (964.35–1030.93) | 968.76 (920.92–1019.10) | 997.03 (943.16–1053.98) | 0.65 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | ||||
| Model 1c | 1.24 (1.21–1.27) | 1.21 (1.14–1.27) | 1.23 (1.16–1.31) | 0.68 |
| Model 2d | 1.57 (1.50–1.63) | 1.54 (1.45–1.64) | 1.62 (1.51–1.74) | 0.52 |
| Model 3e | 1.57 (1.52–1.64) | 1.53 (1.44–1.62) | 1.62 (1.52–1.72) | 0.73 |
| Total homocysteine (umol/L) | ||||
| Model 1c | 9.03 (8.94–9.12) | 8.85 (8.65–9.06) | 9.09 (8.85–9.34) | 0.90 |
| Model 2d | 9.19 (9.02–9.37) | 9.05 (8.80–9.30) | 9.32 (9.03–9.61) | 0.74 |
| Model 3e | 9.18 (9.01–9.35) | 9.06 (8.81–9.31) | 9.33 (9.05–9.63) | 0.52 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | ||||
| Model 1c | 340.16 (337.71–342.63) | 336.87 (331.39–342.44) | 334.31 (328.01–340.74) | 0.06 |
| Model 2d | 357.99 (353.28–362.76) | 355.83 (348.92–362.87) | 354.23 (346.54–362.09) | 0.25 |
| Model 3e | 358.62 (354.16–363.14) | 355.19 (348.56–361.95) | 353.91 (346.58–361.40) | 0.11 |
| Tumor necrosis factor-A soluble receptors (pg/mL) | ||||
| Model 1c | 1366.21 (1348.62–1384.03) | 1347.97 (1306.79–1390.45) | 1324.76 (1278.97–1372.19) | 0.09 |
| Model 2d | 1465.82 (1430.73–1501.77) | 1440.80 (1389.07–1494.45) | 1426.53 (1369.70–1485.71) | 0.10 |
| Model 3e | 1468.95 (1436.59–1502.04) | 1457.09 (1408.27–1507.60) | 1452.16 (1399.20–1507.13) | 0.45 |
aRare or never = daily serving size ≤ 0.03; Medium = 0.03 < daily serving size < 0.1; Heavy = 0.1 ≤ daily serving size
bAntilogs of adjusted mean levels of log-transformed inflammatory markers
cModel 1 adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, field center, educational level, income, energy intake (kcals/day). Sample sizes for each inflammatory markers varied because of missing covariates: C-reactive protein (n = 5336); Interleukin-2 (n = 2304); Interleukin-6 (n = 5240); Total homocysteine (n = 5354); Fibrinogen (n = 5337); Tumor Necrosis Factor-A Soluble Receptors (n = 2309)
dModel 2 further adjusted for smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet quality (AHEI), BMI, Exam 1 Diabetes Type, medication(s) that may influence inflammatory markers. Sample sizes for each inflammatory markers varied because of missing covariates: C-reactive protein (n = 5115); Interleukin-2 (n = 2220); Interleukin-6 (n = 5025); Total homocysteine (n = 5132); Fibrinogen (n = 5116); Tumor Necrosis Factor-A Soluble Receptors (n = 2226)
eModel 3 adjusted for covariates selected from the stepwise selection procedure (significance level of 0.05 was used as a criterion for variables to enter or stay in the model). C-reactive protein—adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, AHEI, BMI, Exam 1 Diabetes Type. Interleukin-2—adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, BMI, Exam 1 Diabetes Type. Interleukin-6—adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, smoking status, physical activity, BMI, Exam 1 Diabetes Type. Total homocysteine: age, sex, race/ethnicity, field center, income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, AHEI, BMI, Exam 1 Diabetes Type. Fibrinogen—adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, field center, income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, BMI, Exam 1 Diabetes Type. Tumor Necrosis Factor-A Soluble Receptors—adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, BMI, Exam 1 Diabetes Type