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. 2023 Jul 15;13:11426. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38624-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The workflow of Mendelian randomization study that exhibits causality between gut microbiota and infertility. Assumption 1, there is a significant association between genetic variation and exposure; Assumption 2, there is no correlation between genetic variation and confounding factors; Assumption 3, genetic variants exert effects on the outcomes by influencing the exposure of interest. SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms; LD, linkage disequilibrium; WM, weighted median; LOO, leave-one-out.