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. 2023 Jul 15;13:11444. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38664-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Visual representation of hypothesis. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts reside in different skin layers. Characterization of their electrotactic response for (i) different EF magnitudes and (ii) alternating EF directions is done in mono-culture (device µ1) and is compared to literature values. Co-culturing these cells requires adequate mixing and appropriate cell media to investigate if (1) these cells can be co-cultured and electrically stimulated and (2) if these cells show the same electrotactic behavior in mono- and co-culture.