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. 2023 Jul 15;13:11444. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38664-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Device µ1 (violet) shows a top view of a simple rectangular microchannel that connects two open wells, each filled with excess media (mL in the wells and μL in the microchannel). Device µ2 (turquoise) shows a branching microchannel network that forms a current divider. Insets of the electrical equivalent circuit relate the microchannels to resistors and include the electrode–electrolyte interface of both the anode and cathode. (R = resistance, C = capacitance, and I_DC = DC source). (B) Three-dimensional finite element analysis of both microchannel designs. The same input current (I_DC = 50 μA) was used for both cases. The color scale and white arrows signifies the EF magnitude and direction, respectively. (C) Two different workflow options used in this paper allow for protocol flexibility. μ1 is made via soft lithography of molded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) that is irreversibly bonded to glass via air plasma exposure. μ2 is made by bonding the bottom side of a laser-structured double-sided adhesive to a Petri dish. Cell suspension(s) are flow-through seeded in μ1 and drop-casted in μ2. After cell seeding and growth in μ2, the adhesive’s top protective liner is removed, and an acrylic lid is added to complete the microchannels. Once the desired cell confluency is obtained, electrodes are added and stimulated in an incubated microscope.