Table 1.

List of various functionalized polymeric biomaterials, photoinitiators, photocrosslinking parameters for 3D bioprinting of biological constructs.

Biomaterials	Photoinitiator	Photocuring parameters	Printed construct	Cell types used	Ref.
Methacrylated collagen (MeCol), Alginate coated Carbon nanotubes (CNT)	Irgacure 2959	Light source: UV Wavelength: 365 nm Irradiation time: 45 s Intensity: 6.1 mW/cm2	3D bioprinted cardiac patch	Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs)	[18]
PEG norbornene macromers	Lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethyl-benzoyl phosphinate (LAP)	Light source: UV Wavelength: 365 nm Irradiation time: 3 min Intensity: 60 mW/cm2	Ear shaped construct	Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)	[19]
Methacrylated gelatin (GelMA), poly(γ-glutamic acid)	Irgacure 959	Light source: UV Irradiation time: 30 s Intensity: 8 mW/cm2	Single-layer cylindrical construct and double-layer tubular construct	Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), smooth muscle cells (HSMCs)	[20]
Silk fibroin, Gelatin	Ruthenium (Ru), Sodium per sulfate (SPS)	Light source: Visible light Wavelength: 400–450 nm Irradiation time: 3 min Intensity: 30 mW/cm2	Grid pattern (12 × 12 mm), 7 layered constructs	Human articular chondrocytes	[21]
GelMA, tyramine	Ruthenium/sodium per sulfate	Light source: Visible light Wavelength: 450 nm	Grid pattern	Articular chondroprogenitor cells	[22]
κ-carrageenan	Eosin Y	Light source: Visible light Intensity: 100 mW/cm2 Irradiation time: 180 s	Rectangular mold (15 × 5 × 1 mm)	HeLa and fibroblasts	[23]
Norbornene-functionalized neutral soluble collagen	LAP	Light source: UV Wavelength:365 nm Intensity: 5 mW/ cm2 Irradiation time: 30 s	The pyramid side length of 9.2 mm and a height of 5 mm, monolayer tube with a diameter of 8 mm and a height of 10 mm.	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	[24]
Gelatin methacrylate	Irgacure 2959	Light source: visible light laser Wavelength: 405 nm Intensity: 1–5 mW/mm2 Irradiation time: 10 s	Microtube pattern	NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells	[25]
Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)	Eosin Y, triethanol amine, N-vinyl caprolactam	Light source: Visible light Wavelength: 400–750 nm Intensity: 48.6 mW cm−2 Irradiation time: 60 s Irradiation distance: 10 cm	Honeycomb pattern and miniaturized multi-layered human ear and cross-section of the brain	3T3 fibroblasts, U118 astrocytes	[26]
Methacrylated auricular cartilage-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (cdECMMA), gelatin, glycerol, hyaluronic acid	Irgacure 2959	Light source: UV light Light intensity: 200 mW/cm2 Irradiation time: 2 min	Lattice and ear-shaped cell-laden constructs	Rabbit auricular chondrocytes	[27]
Oligo (poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF), gelatin, polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)	Irgacure 2959	Light source: UV light Irradiation time: 2 min	Grid pattern with 10 mm × 10 mm width and length with 0.25 mm single layer thickness and 25% infill density	MC3T3 pre-osteoblast cells and PC12 cells	[28]
Methacryloyl gelatin, new Coccine	LAP	Light source: visible light Wavelength: 405 nm Light source working parameters: 200 mW & 3.3 V	Grid structures with different porosities, thin-walled text structure (“EFL”), large inclined structure, thin-plate liver unit structure, and truss liver unit structures	Mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs)	[29]
Methacrylated gelatin, hyaluronic acid glycidyl methacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate	LAP	Light source: UV light Wavelength: 365 nm Intensity: 11 mW/cm2 Irradiation time: 45 s	Slab, line, grid, dispersion, and random patterns	Neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes (NMVCMs)	[30]
Recombinant methacrylated collagen type I (RCPhC1-MA), Recombinant norbornene collagen type I (RCPhC1-NB), Recombinant thiolated collagen type I (RCPhC1-SH)	Tetrapotassium 4,4′-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis [2-(3-sulfophenyl)diazenesulfonate] (DAS)	Light source: visible light laser Wavelength: 720 nm Laser power: 10–100 mW	Cube-shaped patterns (200 × 200 × 200 μm) and different logos (TU Wien, B-PHOT, and PBM)	TERT-immortalized human adipose tissue – derived stem cell line (ASC/TERT1)	[31]