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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 17.
Published in final edited form as: Biomater Adv. 2021 Nov 29;134:112576. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112576

Table 4.

Commonly used photoinitiators and their properties.

Photoinitiator Chemical structure Property
Irgacure 2959 graphic file with name nihms-1909001-t0011.jpg Highly effective, low odor, low volatility and can be used in waterborne photocuring system
Eosin Y graphic file with name nihms-1909001-t0012.jpg Slightly yellowish, soluble in water and sparingly soluble in alcohol, acidic dye, repeated exposure may result in blindness and systemic poisoning
LAP graphic file with name nihms-1909001-t0013.jpg Type 1 photoinitiator, water-soluble and showed increased cell viability. Showed increased absorbance at visible light wavelength
TPO graphic file with name nihms-1909001-t0014.jpg Stable, incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, possess high water solubility
VA-086 graphic file with name nihms-1909001-t0015.jpg Crystalline, pale yellow, halogen-free azo-initiator
Ruthenium Ru The water-soluble photoinitiator changes the color of the hydrogel into yellow/red/orange
Bisacylphosphine oxide (BAPO) graphic file with name nihms-1909001-t0016.jpg Symmetric chemical structure, soluble in water but insoluble in other mono or oligomers
Riboflavin graphic file with name nihms-1909001-t0017.jpg Vitamin B2, yellow tricyclic compound, phosphorylated during the biological process
Camphorquinone graphic file with name nihms-1909001-t0018.jpg It gives a very faint fluorescence and induces polymerization very slowly
Irgacure 184 graphic file with name nihms-1909001-t0019.jpg White crystalline powder with low odor and water-soluble