Table 3.

Recent studies on probiotics in the treatment of hypertension.

Probiotics	Functional carrier	Experimental model	Principle of action	Treatment time	Reference
Lactobacillus delbrueckii Lb100 & Lactococcus lactis AM1	Yogurt	SHRs	ACE-Inhibitory	4 weeks	(Glazunova et al., 2022)
Lactobacillus helveticus H9	Fermented milk	SHRs	ACE-Inhibitory	6-12h	(Chen et al., 2014)
Bifidobacterium bifidum MF20/5	Fermented milk	\	ACE-Inhibitory	\	(Gonzalez-Gonzalez et al., 2013)
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NK181 & Lactobacillus delbrueckii KU200171	Yogurt	\	Antioxidant and ACE-Inhibitory	\	(Kim et al., 2021)
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SR37-3 & Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SR61-2	Fermented milk	SHRs	L-NAME inhibiting	4 weeks	(Yuan et al., 2022)
Lactobacillus acidophilus BCRC14065 & Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis BCRC12256 & Lactobacillus gasseri BCRC14619	Yogurt	SHRs	Activating compensatory IGF-IR/PI3K/Akt survival pathways	8 weeks	(Lin et al., 2013a)
Lactobacillus casei Shirota	Fermented milk	Clinical Experiment	\	3 times a week	(Aoyagi et al., 2017).
Lactobacillus helveticus CM4	The tablets containing powdered fermented milk	Clinical Experiment	ACE-Inhibitory	4 weeks	(Aihara et al., 2005)
Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC-15	Fermented camel milk	\	ACE-Inhibitory	\	(Solanki et al., 2022)
Lactobacillus casei ATCC7469	Fermented milk	\	ACE-Inhibitory	\	(Elkhtab et al., 2017)
Lactobacillus plantarum C4	Fermented milk	\	ACE-Inhibitory	\	(Moreno-Montoro et al., 2017)
Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB6	Fermented milk	\	ACE-Inhibitory	\	(Shu et al., 2019)
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Y7	Fermented pickle	\	\	\	(Kim et al., 2022)
Kefir	Fermentation of milk by kefir grains	SHRs	Improving the structural and functional integrity of the intestinal wall and preventing neuroinflammation within the heart’s regulatory nucleus	9 weeks	(De Almeida Silva et al., 2020)
Kefir	Fermented milk	Male Wistar rats	ACE-Inhibitory	7 weeks	(Amorim et al., 2019)
Lactobacillus helveticus R0389 & Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus R0011	Fermented milk	Cell model	ACE-Inhibitory& Inducing the production of NO	\	(Adams et al., 2020)
Lactobacillus bulgaricus & Lactobacillus helveticus MB2-1 & Lactobacillus plantarum B1-6 & Lactobacillus plantarum 70810	Navy bean milk	\	ACE-Inhibitory	\	(Rui et al., 2015)
Lactobacillus acidophilus BCRC14065 & Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis BCRC12256 & Lactobacillus gasseri BCRC14619	Yogurt	SHRs	Inhibiting inflammatory pathways	\	(Lin et al., 2013b)
Lactobacillus casei SY13	Yogurt	\	ACE-Inhibitory	\	(Obaroakpo et al., 2019)
Lactobacillus casei BGP93 & Streptococcus thermophilus TA-40	Dairy beverages	\	ACE-Inhibitory	\	(Pereira et al., 2019)
Lactobacillus sp. FTDC2113 & Lactobacillus acidophilus FTDC8033 & Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 & Lactobacillus casei ATCC393 & Bifidobacterium FTDC8943 & Bifidobacterium longum FTDC8643	Soymilk	\	ACE-Inhibitory	\	(Yeo and Liong, 2010)
Lactobacillus plantarum DSM15313	Blueberries fermented	SHRs	\	4 weeks	(Ahrén et al., 2015)
Clostridium butyricum pMTL007-GLP-1	Engineered probiotics	SHRs	\	\	(Wang et al., 2023)

The table summarizes the probiotic strains, functional carriers of probiotics, experimental models, mechanisms of action, and duration of treatment. The “/” indicates that the relevant content is not mentioned in the reference.