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. 2023 Jul 17;21:475. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04303-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Source and expression of TGF-β1 in the tumor microenvironment. A, B CAF-CM and NF-CM promotes BLCA cell migration in a wound-healing assay. C The expression level of TGF-β1 in different pathological stages of BLCA is higher than that of TGF-β2 and TGF-β3. D The expression level of TGF-β1 in different histological grades of BLCA is higher than that of TGF-β2 and TGF-β3. E ELISA shows that the concentration of TGF-β1 in primary CAF and NF supernatant is significantly higher than TGF-β2 and TGF-β3, and that TGF-β1 derived from stromal fibroblasts is considerably higher than tumor cells. F qRT-PCR indicates that the mRNA expression levels of TGF-β1 in CAFs and NFs are significantly higher than in T24 cells. G, H WB shows that the protein expression levels of TGF-β1 in CAFs and NFs are notably higher than in T24 cells. F–H CAFs express the highest level of TGF-β1 compared to the other cell types