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. 2023 Jul 17;21:475. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04303-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — TGF-β1 promotes stromal fibroblasts into an activated state with CAF-like features by upregulating FAP. A Bioinformatics analysis revealed that BLCA tissues express higher levels of FAP than adjacent normal tissues. B, C WB shows that CAFs express more FAP than NFs and T24 cells. D FAP mRNA expression is significantly higher in CAFs than in NFs and T24 cells, based on qRT-PCR. E qRT-PCR shows that TGF-β1 upregulates FAP expression levels in NFs and HFFs, and that neutralizing antibodies could reverse this. F, G WB shows that TGF-β1 upregulates the protein expression level of FAP in NFs and HFFs, and neutralizing antibodies could reverse this