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. 2023 Jul 17;21:475. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04303-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — TGF-β1 promotes fibroblast-mediated EMT in BLCA cells by upregulating FAP. A, D A wound healing assay demonstrates that ^OEFAP-HFF-CM enhances the migration of T24 cells. B, E A wound healing assay shows that HFF-CM promotes T24 cell migration, and TGF-β1-induced HFF-CM amplifies the pro-migration effects, while TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody reverses this amplified pro-migration effect. C, F A transwell assay demonstrates that HFF-CM promotes T24 cell invasion, and TGF-β1-induced HFF-CM enhances the pro-invasion effects, while TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody reverses this enhanced pro-invasion effects. G, H WB and (I) qRT-PCR show that HFF-CM (stimulated or not stimulated) has a pro-EMT effect, with downregulated E-cadherin and upregulated N-cadherin and Vimentin. The pro-EMT effects of HFF-CM were significantly amplified after TGF-β1 induction or overexpression FAP, while the TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody reverses the pro-EMT effects of TGF-β1 induction