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. 2023 Jul 17;21:475. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04303-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Overexpressing FAP induces stromal fibroblasts to secrete more VCAN. A Single-gene differential expression analysis of FAP in BLCA is presented in the volcano map. B GO/KEGG enrichment analyses showed that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was significantly enriched in protein-coding genes with logFC > 2 and Padj > 0.05. C GSEA enrichment analysis based on EMT shows that differential protein-coding genes of FAP correlate positively with EMT characteristics of BLCA. D A total of 138 differentially expressed proteins were identified from the intersection of the three control groups. E VCAN is the most highly expressed protein-coding gene among the differential protein-coding genes related to FAP. F FAP expression correlates positively with VCAN in a molecular correlation. G qRT-PCR demonstrates that the mRNA expression level of VCAN in CAFs is significantly higher than in NFs, and in ^OEFAP-HFFs it is significantly higher than in ^NCFAP-HFFs. H Immunofluorescence shows that the fluorescence intensity of VCAN in CAFs is notably brighter than in NFs, and in ^OEFAP-HFFs it is notably brighter than in ^NCFAP-HFFs. I ELISA revealed that the concentration of VCAN in CAF supernatant is considerably higher than in NF supernatant, and in ^OEFAP-HFF supernatant is considerably higher than in ^NCFAP-HFF supernatant