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. 2023 Jul 17;21:475. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04303-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — TGF-β1/FAP axis promotes fibroblast-mediated EMT in BLCA cells by upregulating VCAN. A qRT-PCR shows that TGF-β1 upregulates the mRNA expression level of VCAN in NF and HFF; TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody reverses the upregulation effect of TGF-β1 on VCAN. B Immunofluorescence shows that the fluorescence intensity of VCAN in HFF is markedly enhanced under the induction of TGF-β1; TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody significantly reduces this enhanced fluorescence intensity. C Immunofluorescence reveals that the VCAN fluorescence intensity in ^OEVCAN-HFF is notably brighter than in ^NCVCAN-HFF and T24 cells. D, E A wound healing assay shows that ^OEVCAN-HFF-CM promotes T24 cell migration. F, G A transwell assay suggests that ^OEVCAN-HFF-CM promotes T24 cell invasion. H qRT-PCR and (I) WB show that ^OEVCAN-HFF-CM can downregulate E-cadherin as well as upregulate N-cadherin and Vimentin. J qRT-PCR show that ^OEVCAN-HFF-CM increase PI3K and AKT1 mRNA levels in T24 cells