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. 2023 Jul 17;21:475. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04303-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 9 — Clinical relevance of TGF-β1, FAP, VCAN, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin in BLCA. A According to a heat map analysis of FAP single gene co-expression, FAP is positively co-expressed with TGF-β1, VCAN, N-cadherin, and Vimentin and negatively co-expressed with E-cadherin. B The heat map of molecular correlation shows that TGF-β1, FAP, VCAN, N-cadherin, and Vimentin are positively correlated with each other, while E-cadherin is negatively correlated with each. C The expression levels of FAP, VCAN, N-cadherin, and Vimentin in stage III–IV of bladder cancer are significantly higher than those in stage I–II. D FAP, VCAN, N-cadherin, and Vimentin are significantly higher in high-grade BLCA than in low-grade. The survival curve showed that OS is significantly reduced in BLCA patients with a high expression of (E) FAP, (F) VCAN, (G) N-cadherin, and (H) Vimentin. Immunohistochemistry (I) and dot blot (J) shows that the expression of TGF-β1, FAP, VCAN, N-cadherin, and Vimentin in BLCA tissues is significantly higher than in normal tissues, while the expression of E-cadherin in BLCA tissues is lower than in normal tissues