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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Toxicol In Vitro. 2023 Mar 21;89:105589. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105589

Figure 6. BPA and its analogs differentially induced DNA methylation and activated autophagy in spermatogonial (C18-4), Leydig (TM3), and Sertoli cells (TM4).

Figure 6.

Figure 6.

Figure 6.

Cells treated with vehicle (0.01% DMSO) were used as negative controls. A shows the representative images of cells treated with BPA and BPS (100 μM), BPAF and TBBPA (10 μM) for 24 h. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342 (blue). Double immunofluorescence in the cell lines using the LC-3B (red) and MBD-1 (green) antibodies. Noted a clearly distinct expression of LC3A in red vacuoles with perinuclear/nuclear localization and of MBD-1 green that has a diffuse, throughout the cytoplasm, localization. Scale bar = 50 μm. B-C shows the single-cell quantification of the log-transformed total intensity of MBD1 (B) and LC3B (C) immuno-labeling of the three testicular cell types treated with various BPA, BPS, BPAF and TBBPA concentrations for 24 and 48h. Data were presented as mean ± SD, n = 6. Three replicates in two separate experiments were included. Statistical analysis was conducted by 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons (*P < 0.05).