Table 1.
DAMPs, RAMPs and SPMs as coordinators of necro-resolution and necro-inflammation.
| Polarizing patterns | Producing/releasing cell | Human cell-derived mediators | Effect | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Necro-inflammation-inducing | DAMP | Dying cell | DNA, IL-1α/β, Histones, S100 proteins, HSPs, Uric acid, EMAPII, eCRIP, Cyclophilin A, SAP130, ASC specks, Oxidized phospholipids, Malondialdehyde | Induction of inflammation | (9, 18) |
| Necro-resolution-inducing | RAMP | Dying cell, tissue-resident cells | HSP10, HSP27, αBC, BiP, PS | Help to counterbalance the inflammatory effects of PAMPs and DAMPs | (8) |
| SPM | Efferocytes, tissue resident mesenchymal stromal cells | Lipoxins, Resolvins, Protectins, Maresins | Increasing the non-inflammatory phagocytosis of apoptotic PMNs - limit neutrophil tissue accumulation, counter-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines and encourage macrophage phagocytosis | (19–21) | |
| Transition from inflammation to resolution | DAMP and RAMP | Dying cell | HMGB1, ATP, IL-33, PGE2, AnnexinA1 | Inflammatory molecules, but under certain conditions, induce signals for resolution | (1) |