Table 3.
Factors associated with the preference of vaccine administration routes by stepwise multinomial and binary logistic regression analysis.
| Number of participants (%), N = 10452 |
pa | OR (95% CI) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preference of intranasal vaccine (n = 6142) |
Preference of intramuscular injection (n = 873) |
No preferences (n = 3437) |
Intranasal spray VS Intramuscular injectionb | Intranasal spray VS No preferenceb | Intranasal spray VS intramuscular injection or no preferencec | ||
| Sociodemographic information | |||||||
| Education | <.001 | ||||||
| High school and below | 3158(51.4) | 401(45.9) | 1531(44.5) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Above high school | 2984(48.6) | 472(54.1) | 1906(55.5) | 1.65(1.37–1.99) | 1.22(1.07–1.39) | 1.29 (1.14–1.46) | |
| Healthcare workers | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 5111(83.2) | 639(73.2) | 2690(78.3) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Yes | 1031(16.8) | 234(26.8) | 747(21.7) | 0.68(0.55–0.85) | 0.82(0.70–0.97) | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) | |
| History of asthma | .001 | ||||||
| No | 6119(99.6) | 862(98.7) | 3423(99.6) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Yes | 23(0.4) | 11(1.3) | 14(0.4) | 0.17(0.07–0.44) | 0.55(0.23–1.29) | 0.39 (0.18–0.85) | |
| Thinking and feeling | |||||||
| Thinking that intranasal spray is more effective than intramuscular injection | <.001 | ||||||
| No or unclear | 1583(25.8) | 773(88.5) | 3024(88.0) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Yes | 4559(74.2) | 100(11.5) | 413(12.0) | 5.94(4.62–7.65) | 4.89(4.23–5.65) | 5.08 (4.44–5.81) | |
| Thinking that intranasal spray is safer than intramuscular injection | <.001 | ||||||
| No or unclear | 1312(21.4) | 756(86.6) | 3081(89.6) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Yes | 4830(78.6) | 117(13.4) | 356(10.4) | 8.50(6.70–10.78) | 11.29(9.77–13.05) | 10.58 (9.26–12.09) | |
| Worrying about the side effect of intranasal spray | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 1818(29.6) | 369(42.3) | 986(28.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | |
| Yes | 4324(70.4) | 504(57.7) | 2451(71.3) | 1.90(1.56–2.30) | 0.82(0.71–0.95) | NA | |
| Social process | |||||||
| Thinking that most family members and friends want me to get intranasal spray vaccination | <.001 | ||||||
| No or unclear | 2015(32.8) | 453(51.9) | 2269(66.0) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Yes | 4127(67.2) | 420(48.1) | 1168(34.0) | 1.05(0.88–1.25) | 2.06(1.83–2.32) | 1.81 (1.61–2.03) | |
| Practical issues | |||||||
| Feeling discomfort during the inoculation process | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 5819(94.7) | 761(87.2) | 3093(90.0) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Yes | 323(5.3) | 112(12.8) | 344(10.0) | 0.60(0.45–0.80) | 0.86(0.69–1.07) | 0.80(0.64–0.99) | |
| Thinking that intranasal spray takes less time than intramuscular injection | <.001 | ||||||
| No or unclear | 365(5.9) | 191(21.9) | 551(16.0) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Yes | 5777(94.1) | 682(78.1) | 2886(84.0) | 2.30(1.82–2.92) | 1.54(1.27–1.86) | 1.68 (1.40–2.03) | |
| Preferring needle-free | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 1549(25.2) | 478(54.8) | 1651(48.0) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Yes | 4593(74.8) | 395(45.2) | 1786(52.0) | 1.97(1.63–2.39) | 1.74(1.52–1.99) | 2.11 (1.83–2.43) | |
| Preferring not taking off masks when receiving vaccines | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 4626(75.3) | 420(48.1) | 2317(67.4) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Yes | 1516(24.7) | 453(51.9) | 1120(32.6) | 0.32(0.27–0.39) | 0.68(0.59–0.79) | 0.69 (0.59–0.81) | |
| Preferring not taking off clothes when receiving vaccines | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 1589(25.9) | 413(47.3) | 1296(37.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| Yes | 4553(74.1) | 460(52.7) | 2141(62.3) | 1.69(1.39–2.06) | 1.33(1.16–1.53) | 1.65 (1.44–1.91) | |
| Preferring no discomfort after inoculation | <.001 | ||||||
| No | 3493(56.9) | 335(38.4) | 1431(41.6) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | |
| Yes | 2649(43.1) | 538(61.6) | 2006(58.4) | 0.76(0.62–0.94) | 0.89(0.77–1.03) | NA | |
| Worrying about respiratory discomfort during inoculation | .126 | ||||||
| No | 2748(44.7) | 398(45.6) | 1471(42.8) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | |
| Yes | 3394(55.3) | 475(54.4) | 1966(57.2) | 1.43(1.19–1.71) | 0.98(0.87–1.12) | NA | |
| Worrying about contraindications (such as asthma, sinusitis, and pulmonary dysfunction) | .674 | ||||||
| No | 4658(75.8) | 671(76.9) | 2629(76.5) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | NA | |
| Yes | 1484(24.2) | 202(23.1) | 808(23.5) | 1.32(1.07–1.64) | 0.97(0.84–1.13) | NA | |
aChi-square test was used to compare the difference among different groups of vaccine preferences. Because 15 comparisons were done, Bonferroni correction was applied. The adjusted significance level was approximately 0.003 (0.05/15).
bOR (95% CI) was estimated from the stepwise multinomial logistic regression.
cOR (95% CI) was estimated from the stepwise binary logistic regression.
The following candidate variables were included: Sociodemographic information: age groups (<30 years/30–39 years/40–49 years/50–59 years/≥60 years), sex (Male/Female), education level (High school and below/Above high school), healthcare workers (Yes/No), asthma history (Yes/No), sinusitis history (Yes/No), COPD history (Yes/No), CVD history (Yes/No), hypertension history (Yes/No), history of liver or renal diseases, or tumor (Yes/No), other diseases (Yes/No), no diseases (Yes/No), SARS-CoV-2 infection before (No/Yes, asymptomatic/Yes, mild symptoms/Yes, severe symptoms); Thinking and feeling: whether worried about SARS-CoV-2 infection (Do not worried or worried slightly/Worried moderately or strongly), whether think it important to vaccinate against COVID-19 (Yes/No), whether think intranasal spray more effective than intramuscular injection (Yes/No or unclear), whether think intranasal spray safer than intramuscular injection (Yes/No or unclear), whether worried about the effectiveness of intranasal spray (Yes/No), whether worried about the effect of a runny nose or sneeze on vaccine effectiveness (Yes/No), whether worried about the side effect of intranasal spray (Yes/No); Social process: whether think that most family members and friends want me to get intranasal spray vaccination (Yes/No or unclear); Practical issues: whether feel discomfort during vaccination (Yes/No), whether the vaccination process went well (Yes/No), whether think intranasal spray is more timesaving (Yes/No or unclear), whether prefer needle-free (Yes/No), whether prefer not taking off masks (Yes/No), whether prefer not taking off clothes (Yes/No), whether prefer no discomfort after vaccination (Yes/No), whether prefer no bleeding (Yes/No), whether prefer more timesaving administration routes (Yes/No), prefer other vaccine characteristics (Yes/No), whether worried about respiratory discomfort during vaccination (Yes/No), whether worried about service quality (Yes/No), whether worried about contraindications (such as asthma, sinusitis, pulmonary dysfunction) (Yes/No).