. 2023 Jul 17;131(7):077007. doi: 10.1289/EHP12603

Table 3.

Case–control analysis investigating the association between serum prediagnostic concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA (categorized using quartiles among controls as cut points) and testicular germ cell tumors among active-duty U.S. Air Force servicemen (530 cases, 530 controls).

PFOS				PFOA				PFHxS				PFNA
Concentration (ng/mL)	$N_{Ca} {/ N}_{Con}$	$odd ratios begin subscript 1 end subscript$ ^a (95% CI)	$odd ratios begin subscript 2 end subscript$ ^b (95% CI)	Concentration (ng/mL)	$N_{Ca} {/ N}_{Con}$	$odd ratios begin subscript 1 end subscript$ ^a (95% CI)	$odd ratios begin subscript 2 end subscript$ ^b (95% CI)	Concentration (ng/mL)	$N_{Ca} {/ N}_{Con}$	$odd ratios begin subscript 1 end subscript$ ^a (95% CI)	$odd ratios begin subscript 2 end subscript$ ^b (95% CI)	Concentration (ng/mL)	$N_{Ca} {/ N}_{Con}$	$odd ratios begin subscript 1 end subscript$ ^a (95% CI)	$odd ratios begin subscript 2 end subscript$ ^b (95% CI)
All subjects
First/only sample
$less than or equal to 18.3$	131/133	1.0	1.0	$less than or equal 4.45$	161/139	1.0	1.0	$less than or equal 2.1$	129/138	1.0	1.0	$less than or equal 0.6$	177/156	1.0	1.0
18.4–29.3	116/135	1.0 (0.6, 1.5)	1.2 (0.7, 1.9)	4.46–5.87	115/126	0.7 (0.4, 1.0)	0.7 (0.4, 1.0)	2.2–3.6	118/133	1.0 (0.7, 1.4)	0.9 (0.6, 1.4)	0.7–0.9	172/151	0.9 (0.6, 1.2)	0.8 (0.5, 1.2)
29.4–42.2	153/131	1.4 (0.8, 2.3)	1.9 (1.0, 3.4)	5.88–7.85	121/137	0.7 (0.5, 1.0)	0.7 (0.4, 1.1)	3.7–7.0	146/128	1.2 (0.8, 1.7)	1.2 (0.8, 1.8)	1.0–1.2	91/101	0.7 (0.5, 1.0)	0.6 (0.4, 1.0)
$> 42.2$	130/131	1.2 (0.7, 2.0)	1.8 (0.9, 3.6)	$greater than 7.85$	133/128	0.8 (0.5, 1.2)	0.8 (0.5, 1.4)	$greater than 7.0$	137/131	1.1 (0.8, 1.6)	1.1 (0.7, 1.7)	$greater than 1.2$	90/122	0.5 (0.3, 0.8)	0.4 (0.2, 0.7)
—	—	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.64$	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.15$	—	—	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.46$	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.86$	—	—	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.57$	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.46$	—	—	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.001$	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.003$
Subjects with two samples
First sample
$less than or equal 18.3$	29/33	1.0	1.0	$less than or equal 4.45$	46/35	1.0	1.0	$less than or equal 2.1$	44/40	1.0	1.0	$less than or equal 0.6$	60/62	1.0	1.0
18.4–29.3	49/54	1.1 (0.6, 2.2)	1.2 (0.5, 2.5)	4.46–5.87	46/58	0.6 (0.3, 1.0)	0.6 (0.3, 1.2)	2.2–3.6	47/49	0.9 (0.5, 1.6)	0.8 (0.4, 1.5)	0.7–0.9	71/52	1.4 (0.8, 2.4)	1.0 (0.5, 1.9)
29.4–42.2	65/61	1.5 (0.7, 3.1)	1.6 (0.6, 4.0)	5.88–7.85	47/52	0.7 (0.3, 1.3)	0.8 (0.3, 1.8)	3.7–7.0	50/52	0.8 (0.4, 1.7)	0.8 (0.4, 1.8)	1.0–1.2	24/35	0.7 (0.4, 1.4)	0.4 (0.2, 1.1)
$greater than 42.2$	44/39	1.6 (0.7, 3.6)	2.0 (0.6, 6.4)	$greater than 7.85$	48/42	0.9 (0.5, 1.8)	1.0 (0.4, 2.7)	$greater than 7.0$	46/46	0.9 (0.5, 1.8)	0.8 (0.4, 1.8)	$greater than 1.2$	32/38	0.8 (0.4, 1.8)	0.4 (0.1, 1.3)
—	—	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.24$	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.23$	—	—	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.85$	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.51$	—	—	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.98$	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.81$	—	—	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.33$	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.05$
Second sample
$less than or equal 13.2$	42/48	1.0	1.0	$less than or equal 4.25$	55/48	1.0	1.0	$less than or equal 2.3$	48/49	1.0	1.0	$less than or equal 0.7$	44/40	1.0	1.0
13.3–21.2	38/46	1.1 (0.6, 1.9)	1.5 (0.7, 3.3)	4.26–5.65	52/46	1.0 (0.6, 1.8)	1.0 (0.5, 2.0)	2.4–3.7	42/46	1.1 (0.5, 2.1)	1.1 (0.5, 2.4)	0.8–1.0	47/49	0.9 (0.5, 1.7)	0.6 (0.3, 1.5)
21.3–33.5	50/47	1.9 (0.9, 4.1)	2.8 (1.1, 7.0)	5.66–7.55	39/49	0.7 (0.4, 1.4)	0.6 (0.3, 1.4)	3.8–6.2	41/46	1.0 (0.5, 1.9)	0.8 (0.4, 1.6)	1.1–1.5	50/52	0.7 (0.4, 1.5)	0.3 (0.1, 0.9)
$> 33.5$	57/46	2.6 (1.1, 6.4)	4.6 (1.4, 15.1)	$greater than 7.55$	41/44	0.7 (0.4, 1.5)	0.6 (0.2, 1.6)	$greater than 6.2$	56/46	1.4 (0.7, 2.8)	1.2 (0.5, 2.5)	$greater than 1.5$	46/46	0.6 (0.3, 1.4)	0.2 (0.1, 0.8)
—	—	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.02$	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.009$	—	—	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.35$	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.22$	—	—	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.18$	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.48$	—	—	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.20$	$lowercase italic p begin subscript trend end subscript equals 0.02$
Both samples (first/second)
$less than or equal 29.3 per less than or equal 21.2$	53/67	1.0	1.0	$less than or equal 4.45 per less than or equal 4.25$	72/65	1.0	1.0	$less than or equal 3.6 per less than or equal 3.7$	72/73	1.0	1.0	$less than or equal 0.9 per less than or equal 1.0$	92/73	1.0	1.0
$greater than 29.3 per less than or equal to 21.2$	25/20	1.2 (0.5, 2.6)	1.3 (0.6, 3.3)	$greater than 4.45 per less than or equal to 4.25$	35/29	1.3 (0.7, 2.4)	1.3 (0.6, 2.7)	$greater than 3.6 per less than or equal to 3.7$	18/22	0.8 (0.4, 1.7)	0.8 (0.4, 1.8)	$greater than 0.9 per less than or equal to 1.0$	11/18	0.4 (0.2, 1.0)	0.4 (0.2, 1.0)
$less than or equal 29.3 per greater than 21.2$	27/27	2.3 (1.0, 5.6)	2.2 (0.8, 5.9)	$less than or equal 4.45 per greater than 4.25$	20/28	0.6 (0.3, 1.4)	0.5 (0.2, 1.3)	$less than or equal 3.6 per greater than 3.7$	19/16	1.3 (0.6, 3.0)	1.1 (0.8, 6.9)	$less than or equal 0.9 per greater than 1.0$	39/41	0.7 (0.3, 1.3)	0.6 (0.3, 1.2)
$greater than 29.3 per greater than 21.2$	82/73	2.1 (1.1, 3.9)	2.3 (1.02, 5.0)	$greater than 4.45 per greater than 4.25$	60/65	0.8 (0.5, 1.5)	0.8 (0.4, 1.6)	$greater than 3.6 per greater than 3.7$	78/76	1.1 (0.7, 1.8)	1.0 (0.5, 1.7)	$greater than 0.9 per greater than 1.0$	45/55	0.6 (0.3, 1.1)	0.3 (0.1, 0.8)

Note: —, no data; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; PFHxS, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid.

^{^a}

ORs computed by conditional logistic regression of matched pairs with adjustment for military grade and number of deployments.

^{^b}

ORs computed by conditional logistic regression of matched pairs with adjustment for military grade, number of deployments, and all other PFAS (all PFAS covariates involve the same exposure metric and categorization as the PFAS of interest).