Table 2.
Baseline demographic characteristics and laboratory parameters of the study population.
| Pooled (n=87) | Died (n=55) | Survived (n=32) | P value+ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 58 (66.7%) | 36 (65.5%) | 22 (68.8%) | 0.817 |
| Age (years) | 55.0 (15.5) | 55.0 (14.5) | 51.5 (18.5) | 0.550 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 12.0 (9.0) | 11.0 (8.5) | 13.5 (10.2) | – |
| Length of ICU stay (days) | 10 (8.0) | 10 (8.0) | 9 (8.0) | – |
| Type of respiratory support on day of ICU admission: Invasive mechanical ventilation Non-invasive mechanical ventilation High-flow nasal oxygen Face mask oxygen Required invasive mechanical ventilation during ICU admission |
32 (36.8%) 4 (4.6%) 50 (57.5%) 1 (1.1%) 59 (67.8%) |
31 (56.4%) 4 (7.3%) 20 (36.4%) 0 (0.0%) 54 (98.2%) |
1 (3.1%) 0 (0.0%) 30 (93.8%) 1 (3.1%) 5 (15.6%) |
- - - - - |
| Comorbidities: Diabetes mellitus HbA1c >6.5% in ICU$ Hypertension HIV infection Raised BMI€ |
19 (21.8%) 49 (56.3%) 51 (58.6%) 13 (15.5%) 55 (63.2%) |
10 (18.2%) 33 (60.0%) 32 (58.2%) 9 (17.0%) 36 (65.5%) |
9 (28.1%) 16 (50.0%) 19 (59.4%) 4 (12.9%) 19 (59.4%) |
0.295 0.380 0.999 0.759 0.796 |
| Baseline arterial blood gas#: pH PaCO2 (kPa) PaO2 (kPa) PaO2/FIO2 (mm Hg)* Lactate |
7.4 (0.1) 5.5 (1.4) 8.0 (2.2) 75.0 (36.4) 1.6 (0.8) |
7.4 (0.1) 6.0 (1.4) 8.0 (2.4) 71.0 (35.4) 1.6 (1.0) |
7.5 (0.0) 5.0 (0.5) 8.2 (2.1) 84.2 (42.2) 1.4 (0.8) |
0.000 0.001 0.539 0.041 0.377 |
| Baseline laboratory results: Creatinine (μmol/L) eGFR (mL/min) Alanine transferase (U/L) Hemoglobin (g/dL) White cell count Lymphocytes % Neutrophil % C reactive protein (mg/L) Procalcitonin (ng/mL) Troponin T (ng/L) NT-proBNP (pg/mL) Ferritin (μg/L) D-dimer (μg/mL) |
76.0 (33.5) 79.0 (35.0) 37.5 (27.2) 12.5 (1.6) 11.9 (6.8) 8.2 (5.5) 86.4 (10.2) 154.0 (152.5) 0.3 (0.9) 13.0 (19.2) 189.5 (577.0) 737.0 (853.5) 0.9 (2.1) |
77.0 (41.5) 76.0 (37.5) 36.0 (27.0) 12.2 (1.8) 12.8 (7.3) 6.8 (5.7) 88.7 (9.2) 162.0 (138.0) 0.3 (1.5) 15.0 (19.0) 284.0 (987.0) 718.0 (881.5) 1.1 (3.0) |
76.0 (18.0) 87.0 (28.5) 41.0 (42.0) 12.7 (1.2) 10.5 (5.4) 9.8 (5.3) 84.2 (6.8) 106.5 (124.0) 0.1 (0.3) 6.0 (11.0) 111.0 (196.0) 895.0 (763.0) 0.4 (1.3) |
0.593 0.201 0.183 0.129 0.052 0.017 0.101 0.025 0.027 0.061 0.133 0.612 0.095 |
Categorical variables are expressed as a number followed by a percentage and the continuous variables are expressed as a median followed by the interquartile range. Laboratory values refer to those obtained on the day of admission to the ICU (day 1). $Indicates an elevated glycated hemoglobin fraction, noted independent of an established diabetes diagnosis. €A subjective opinion of the treating clinician rather than objective measurement, and as such should be interpreted with caution. #The first arterial blood gas done on admission to ICU, whilst receiving oxygen therapy or ventilatory support. *PaO2/FIO2 is the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2 in mmHg) to fractional inspired oxygen (FIO2 expressed as a fraction), where a value <300 indicates mild hypoxaemia, <200 moderate hypoxaemia, <100 severe hypoxaemia. +p values not corrected for multiple testing effect. In this case, variables with a p-value < 0.005 may be considered most likely to have post-test significance using the modified one-step M-estimator. ICU, intensive care unit; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; PaCO2, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide; PaO2, partial pressure of arterial oxygen; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated using Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula uncorrected for ethnicity); NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. Bold values means P values which are statistically significant.