Table 5.
Baseline patient characteristics compared between the derivation and validation cohorts.
| Characteristics | Derivation cohort (n = 465) | Validation cohort (n = 98) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (years) | 63.1 ± 11.3 | 62.5 ± 11.5 | 0.63 |
| Female gender | 248 (53.3%) | 52 (53.0%) | 0.96 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.6 ± 4.8 | 25.1 ± 3.9 | 0.33 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 134.9 ± 19.7 | 135.4 ± 19.6 | 0.82 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.3 ± 12.9 | 76.5 ± 10.9 | 0.89 |
| Heart rate (beats per min) | 61.6 ± 7.9 | 63.3 ± 7.6 | 0.05 |
| Pre-test CAD probability (%) | 14.4 ± 9.5 | 15.7 ± 9.9 | 0.22 |
| Symptoms | |||
| Typical angina | 32 (6.9%) | 6 (6.1%) | 0.77 |
| Atypical angina | 149 (32.0%) | 38 (38.8%) | 0.19 |
| Dyspnea | 173 (37.2%) | 33 (33.7%) | 0.52 |
| CAD risk factors | |||
| Hypertension | 222 (47.7%) | 55 (56.1%) | 0.13 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 90 (19.4%) | 24 (24.4%) | 0.26 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 306 (65.8%) | 64 (65.3%) | 0.92 |
| Family history of premature CAD | 16 (3.4%) | 3 (3.1%) | 0.88 |
| Current smoker | 32 (6.9%) | 5 (5.1%) | 0.51 |
| Number of risk factors | 1.43 ± 1.00 | 1.60 ± 1.11 | 0.13 |
| Clinical history | |||
| Heart failure | 28 (6.0%) | 4 (4.1%) | 0.46 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 23 (5.0%) | 3 (3.1%) | 0.42 |
| Vascular diseasea | 13 (2.8%) | 6 (6.1%) | 0.10 |
| Chronic lung disease | 24 (5.2%) | 9 (9.2%) | 0.13 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 18 (3.9%) | 8 (8.2%) | 0.06 |
| Rheumatic disease | 6 (1.3%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0.81 |
| Medications | |||
| ACEI or ARB | 145 (31.2%) | 41 (41.8%) | 0.04 |
| Anticoagulant | 13 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.09 |
| Aspirin | 129 (27.7%) | 28 (28.6%) | 0.86 |
| Beta blocker | 175 (37.6%) | 31 (31.6%) | 0.26 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 109 (23.4%) | 25 (25.5%) | 0.66 |
| Diuretic | 23 (5.0%) | 8 (8.2%) | 0.21 |
| Insulin | 4 (0.9%) | 2 (2.0%) | 0.34 |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent | 61 (13.1%) | 18 (18.4%) | 0.17 |
| Statin | 226 (48.6%) | 51 (52.0%) | 0.54 |
| Thienopyridine | 25 (5.4%) | 3 (3.1%) | 0.34 |
| Laboratory results | |||
| Hematocrit (%) | 39.7 ± 4.4 | 40.4 ± 4.1 | 0.15 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 104.4 ± 16.1 | 110.2 ± 38.9 | 0.02 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 173.7 ± 37.6 | 181.0 ± 42.0 | 0.09 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 55.7 ± 15.1 | 54.0 ± 14.5 | 0.31 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 95.4 ± 35.0 | 102.5 ± 34.8 | 0.07 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 122.0 ± 62.0 | 126.0 ± 66.3 | 0.57 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.95 ± 0.80 | 1.04 ± 1.01 | 0.34 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 79.4 ± 18.0 | 77.7 ± 19.2 | 0.40 |
| CAC score (Agatston) | |||
| Mean ± SD | 231.4 ± 515.2 | 236.7 ± 469.9 | 0.92 |
| Median (IQR) | 37.6 (0.9–237.8) | 17.9 (0–229.0) | 0.09 |
| High CAC score | 74 (15.9%) | 20 (20.4%) | 0.28 |
Data expressed as number and percentage, mean plus/minus standard deviation, or median and interquartile range.
ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; BP, blood pressure; CAC, coronary artery calcium; CAD, coronary artery disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IQR, interquartile range; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SD, standard deviation.
a
Vascular diseases included ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack and peripheral arterial disease.
Bold italic indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05).