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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 17.
Published in final edited form as: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2023 Feb 10;31(3):665–692. doi: 10.1002/oby.23663

Table 2.

Evaluation of Quality and Potential Bias of Included Studies (n=49)

Source Quality Rating Potential Bias
Abraham 2015 (57) Good Information, Selection/Confounding
Ahmad 2018 (30) Good None
Balagopal 2010 (64) Fair Precision, Detection, Selection/Confounding
Benestad 2017 (39) Good Detection, Attrition
Berntsen 2010 (52) Fair Selection/Confounding, Detection
Bonham 2017 (65) Fair Detection, Attrition, Selection/Confounding
Boodai 2014 (58) Good Detection, Attrition, Information, Selection/Confounding
Boudreau 2013 (72) Fair Precision, Detection, Attrition
Brennan 2013 (53) Fair Precision, Selection/Confounding,
Chan 2018 (63) Good Selection/confounding, Precision, Performance, Information,
Cohen 2016 (31) Good Precision, Detection
Croker 2012 (68) Good Attrition
Diaz 2010 (67) Good Attrition
Farpour-Lambert 2019 (38) Good None
Gerards 2015 (44) Good None
Gillis 2007 (74) Fair Performance, Precision, Detection, Attrition, Information, Selection/ Confounding, Overall believability, Reporting
Golley 2007 (26) Good Detection, Attrition
Hofsteenge 2014 (59) Fair Precision, Detection, Attrition
Hughes 2008 (71) Good Attrition, Selection/Confounding
Janicke 2008 (46) Good Detection, Attrition
Jiang 2005 (55) Good Selection/Confounding, Information, Precision, Detection
Johnson 1997 (40) Fair Precision, Detection, Information, Selection/Confounding, Reporting
Johnston 2007 (60) Fair Precision, Detection
Kalarchian 2009 (41) Good Detection, Attrition
Kalavainen 2007 (47) Fair Detection
Kelishadi 2009 (37) Good Precision, Attrition, Selection/Confounding
Lee 2014 (29) Good Precision
Mameli 2018 (61) Good Detection, Attrition, Selection/Confounding
McCallum 2007 (69) Good Performance
Moens 2012 (43) Fair Precision, Detection, Selection/Confounding, Overall believability
Morell-Azanza 2019 (32) Good Detection
Nemet 2005 (42) Good Detection, Attrition
O’Connor 2013 (70) Fair Detection
Reinehr 2010 (51) Good Detection, Selection/Confounding
Rodearmel 2007 (73) Poor Precision, Detection, Information, Selection/Confounding,
Sacher 2010 (33) Good Detection, Attrition
Sauder 2018 (34) Good Detection
Savoye 2014 (54) Good None
Savoye 2007 (62) Good Detection, Attrition
Serra-Paya 2015 (50) Good None
Soltero 2018 (13) Good Detection
Taylor 2015 (35) Good Selection/Confounding, Information
Vos 2011 (56) Good Precision, Detection, Attrition
Wake 2009 (45) Good None
Wang 2008 (66) Fair Precision, Attrition, Information, Selection/Confounding, Overall believability, Reporting
Weigel 2008 (48) Fair Selection/Confounding, Information, Precision, Detection,
Wilfley 2017 (36) Good Detection
Wylie-Rosett 2018 (25) Good Precision, Attrition
Yackobovitch-Gavan 2018 (49) Fair Detection, Attrition, Reporting