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Microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, and bacterial lipoprotein encounter immune cells and activate them. The activated immune cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulators such as IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α, which alters the gut epithelium and blood-brain barrier, leading to increased intestinal and blood-brain barrier permeability.
IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.
