Table 1.
Basic characteristics of H. pylori-infected paediatric patients in the EuroPedHp registry from 2017 to 2020 for the total cohort with follow-up data (final analysis set, FAS, N = 873) (IQR interquartile range, MET metronidazole, CLA clarithromycin)
| Factors, n (%) | All patients N = 873 (100%) |
Group A treatment naïve patients, n = 741 (85%) | Group B patients after failed therapy, n = 132 (15%) | p valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Gender—female | 464 (53.2) | 390 (52.6) | 74 (56.1) | 0.467 |
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 13.0 (10.3–15.2) | 13.0 (10.3–15.1) | 12.8 (10.2–15.4) | 0.352 |
| Age group (years), n = 873 | 0.573 | |||
| Age < 12 | 351 (40.2) | 295 (39.8) | 56 (42.4) | |
| Age ≥ 12 | 522 (59.8) | 446 (60.2) | 76 (57.6) | |
| Weight, n = 863, median (IQR) | 45.5 (34.0–57.5) | 45.8 (34.0–57.5) | 45.0 (33.0–57.3) | 0.712 |
| Weight groups (kg), n = 863 | 0.916 | |||
| < 25 | 85 (9.8) | 72 (9.8) | 13 (9.9) | |
| 25–34 | 141 (16.3) | 118 (16.1) | 23 (17.6) | |
| > 35 | 637 (73.8) | 542 (74.0) | 95 (72.5) | |
| Country of livingb, n = 873 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Northern/Western Europe | 232 (26.6) | 204 (27.5) | 28 (21.2) | |
| Southern Europe | 419 (48.0) | 364 (49.1) | 55 (41.7) | |
| Eastern Europe | 164 (18.8) | 140 (18.9) | 24 (18.2) | |
| Israel and Turkey | 58 (6.6) | 33 (4.5) | 25 (18.9) | |
| Country of birthb, n = 777 | 0.002 | |||
| Northern/Western Europe | 173 (22.3) | 153 (23.4) | 20 (16.4) | |
| Southern Europe | 317 (40.8) | 273 (41.7) | 44 (36.1) | |
| Eastern Europe | 175 (22.5) | 148 (22.6) | 27 (22.1) | |
| Asia, Africa, America and Middle East | 112 (14.4) | 81 (12.4) | 31 (25.4) | |
| Mother’s country of birthb, n = 719 | 0.371 | |||
| Northern/Western Europe | 35 (4.9) | 28 (4.6) | 7 (6.0) | |
| Southern Europe | 260 (36.2) | 223 (37.0) | 37 (31.9) | |
| Eastern Europe | 189 (26.3) | 162 (26.9) | 27 (23.3) | |
| Asia, Africa, America and Middle East | 235 (32.7) | 190 (31.5) | 45 (38.8) | |
| Symptoms associated with H. pylori infection | ||||
| Abdominal pain | 667 (76.6) | 552 (74.7) | 115 (87.1) | 0.002 |
| Nausea | 137 (15.7) | 112 (15.2) | 25 (18.9) | 0.271 |
| Vomiting | 134 (15.4) | 111 (15.0) | 23 (17.4) | 0.481 |
| Bloating | 46 (5.3) | 39 (5.3) | 7 (5.3) | 0.99 |
| Diarrhoea | 34 (3.9) | 30 (4.1) | 4 (3.0) | 0.574 |
| Constipation | 29 (3.3) | 28 (3.8) | 1 (0.8) | 0.108 |
| Metallic taste | 4 (0.5) | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.8) | 0.482 |
| Endoscopic findings | ||||
| Endoscopy at presenting centre, n = 873 | 865 (99.1) | 733 (98.9) | 132 (100) | 0.230 |
| Year of endoscopy, n = 865 | 0.506 | |||
| 2017 | 336 (38.8) | 279 (38.1) | 57 (43.2) | |
| 2018 | 300 (34.7) | 256 (34.9) | 44 (33.3) | |
| 2019 and 2020 | 229 (26.5) | 198 (27.0) | 31 (23.5) | |
| Primary indication for endoscopy, n = 865 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Abdominal pain | 578 (66.8) | 476 (64.9) | 102 (77.3) | |
| Dyspepsia incl. nausea, vomiting | 93 (10.8) | 76 (10.3) | 17 (13) | |
| Anaemia | 36 (4.2) | 35 (4.8) | 1 (0.8) | |
| GastrointestinaI-bleeding | 18 (2.1) | 18 (2.5) | 0 | |
| Celiac disease | 27 (3.1) | 27 (3.7) | 0 | |
| Eosinophilic esophagitis | 24 (2.8) | 21 (2.9) | 3 (2.3) | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 10 (1.2) | 10 (1.4) | 0 | |
| Others: weight loss, diarrhoea, etc | 68 (7.9) | 65 (8.9) | 3 (2.3) | |
| Only positivity in noninvasive tests | 11 (1.3) | 5 (0.7) | 6 (4.5) | |
| Number of biopsies, n = 843, median (IQR) | 4 (4–6) | 4 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 0.012 |
| Antral nodularity, n = 863 | 737 (85.4) | 622 (84.9) | 115 (88.5) | 0.283 |
| Suspected eosinophilic esophagitis, n = 862 | 47 (5.4) | 36 (4.9) | 11 (8.4) | 0.107 |
| Ulcers, n = 862 | 65 (7.5) | 57 (7.8) | 8 (6.2) | 0.532 |
| Erosions, n = 862 | 141 (16.4) | 117 (16.0) | 24 (18.6) | 0.454 |
| Positive rapid urease test (RUT), n = 342 | 310 (90.6) | 270 (90.3) | 40 (93.0) | 0.567 |
| Histology confirmed, n = 500c | 465 (93.0) | 410 (94.3) | 55 (84.6) | 0.017 |
| Susceptibility testing, n = 873 | 0.0491 | |||
| Culture positive and/or PCR available | 775 (88.8) | 666 (89.9) | 109 (82.6) | |
| Culture negative and no PCR | 37 (4.2) | 28 (3.8) | 9 (6.8) | |
| Not applicable or unknown | 61 (7.0) | 47 (6.3) | 14 (10.6) | |
| Antibiotic resistance profile | ||||
| Metronidazole resistance, n = 706 | 148 (21.0) | 107 (17.7) | 41 (40.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Clarithromycin resistanced, n = 760 | 219 (28.8) | 163 (25.0) | 56 (51.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Amoxicillin resistance, n = 662 | 10 (1.5) | 6 (1.0) | 4 (4.9) | 0.007 |
| Tetracycline resistance, n = 584 | 3 (0.5) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (1.5) | 0.227 |
| Levofloxacin resistanced, n = 664 | 35 (5.3) | 31 (5.4) | 4 (4.3) | 0.652 |
| Rifampicin resistance, n = 172 | 14 (8.1) | 12 (8.5) | 2 (6.7) | 0.745 |
| Metronidazole and clarithromycin resistance—Susceptibility subgroupse, n = 706 | < 0.0001 | |||
| MET-Susceptible/CLA-Susceptible | 406 (57.5) | 370 (61.3) | 36 (35.3) | |
| MET-Susceptible/CLA-Resistant | 152 (21.5) | 127 (21.0) | 25 (24.5) | |
| MET-Resistant/CLA-Susceptible | 98 (13.9) | 84 (13.9) | 14 (13.7) | |
| MET-Resistant/CLA-Resistant | 50 (7.1) | 23 (3.8) | 27 (26.5) | |
Results were presented in median and interquartile range (IQR) from 25% quartile to 75% quartile for continuous variables and in frequency (n) and column percentage (%) for categorical variables
aP values obtained by Mann–Whitney U-test for continuous variables, while Pearson’s Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables as appropriate. Bold p values indicate significant differences in the proportion of respective factors between group A (treatment naïve patients) and group B (patients after failed therapy) with a p value ≤ 0.05
bCountry distribution was given in supplementary file 2
cData of histology were collected from 2018 to 2020
dData were collected from thereof real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test
eData are based on all available susceptibility test results for metronidazole (MET) and clarithromycin (CLA)