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. 2023 Jul 17;14(7):442. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-05947-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — A, B The interaction among four PT subtypes in db/db mice. C Violin plot of SPP1 among PT subtype between db/m and db/db mice. D The kidneys of db/m mice and db/db mice were collected and staining by CODEX Multiplexed Tissue Staining. PT (AQP1, green), SPP1 (pink), and DAPI (blue). Scale bars, 370 μm. ▲ (double stain of SPP1 and AQP1). E The interaction among TAL, DCT, CD-IC, CD-PC and MCD in db/db mice. F The communication between TAL and other five types of kidney tubules in db/db mice. G The communication of MCD, CD-IC and CD-PC with other five types of kidney tubules in db/db mice. H The kidneys of db/m mice and db/db mice were collected and staining by CODEX multiplexed tissue staining. TAL (SLC12A1, red), CD-IC (SCNN1A, white), SPP1 yellow), and DAPI (blue) were indicated by the white arrow. Scale bars, 120 μm. ▲ (Triple stain of SPP1, SCNN1A, and SLC12A1). I Urinary SPP1/Cr levels in db/m (n = 6) and db/db mice (n = 6). J, K The relationship between urinary SPP1 and Kim-1/Cr and NGAL/Cr in mice. L Urinary SPP1/Cr levels in 24 normal individuals and 48 T2D patients. M, N The relationship between urinary SPP1 and Kim-1/Cr and NGAL/Cr in human. The level of SPP1, NGAL and Kim-1 in the urine measured using ELISA. Levels Cr assessed using the enzymatic method. J The level of SPP1 in the urine measured using ELISA. The bar graph represents the mean ± S.E.M. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by Student’s t test, and p-value of correlation was analyzed by Spearman analysis.