Table 2.
Clinical patient characteristics.
| Variable | All | Survivors | Non-survivors | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 816) | (n = 593, 72.7%) | (n = 223, 27.3%) | ||
| Prognostic scores | ||||
| APACHE II, median (IQR) | 21 (16–28) | 20 (15–26) | 25 (19–31) | < 0.001 |
| SOFA, median (IQR) | 10 (7–13) | 9 (7–12) | 12 (8–14) | < 0.001 |
| SAPS II, median (IQR) | 48 (37–62) | 45 (35–58) | 56 (45–71) | < 0.001 |
| Initial vital signs | ||||
| Glasgow Coma Scale, median (IQR) | 11 (6–14) | 11 (6–14) | 10 (6–14) | 0.523 |
| Initial SBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 122.0 (102.0–146.0) | 126.0 (108.0–151.0) | 110.0 (91.0–132.0) | < 0.001 |
| Initial DBP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 64.0 (54.0–75.2) | 65.0 (54.0–77.0) | 61.0 (50.0–71.5) | < 0.001 |
| Initial MBP, median (IQR) | 84.3 (70.7–98.0) | 86.7 (73.3–100.7) | 78.7 (62.8–89.3) | < 0.001 |
| Initial PR (beats/minute), median (IQR) | 104.0 (86.0–120.0) | 102.0 (84.0–117.0) | 112.0 (94.0–130.0) | < 0.001 |
| Initial RR (breaths/minute), median (IQR) | 22.0 (19.0–27.0) | 22.0 (18.0–26.0) | 24.0 (20.0–28.0) | < 0.001 |
| Body temperature (°C), mean (SD) | 36.9 (1.1) | 36.8 (1.1) | 37.0 (1.2) | 0.100 |
| Urine output (ml/hour), mean (SD) | 66.0 (52.6) | 73.0 (55.1) | 47.3 (39.5) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| pH, median (IQR) | 7.4 (7.3–7.5) | 7.4 (7.3–7.4) | 7.4 (7.2–7.5) | 0.095 |
| pCO2 (mmHg), median (IQR) | 35.3 (29.2–43.7) | 35.9 (29.6–43.3) | 33.4 (27.6–45.3) | 0.122 |
| PaO2 (mmHg), median (IQR) | 68.3 (54.0–85.7) | 70.7 (55.6–88.5) | 63.2 (51.5–76.5) | < 0.001 |
| HCO3- (mEq/L), median (IQR) | 21.0 (17.1–24.7) | 21.7 (17.9–25.3) | 19.6 (15.4–22.9) | < 0.001 |
| Initial SpO2, median (IQR) | 95.0 (90.0–98.0) | 96.0 (92.0–98.0) | 93.0 (87.2–97.0) | < 0.001 |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio, median (IQR) | 121.6 (78.3–194.0) | 139.7 (88.6–212.4) | 85.7 (63.3–127.0) | < 0.001 |
| White blood cell (103/μL), median (IQR) | 11.2 (7.6–16.3) | 11.1 (7.6–15.5) | 12.0 (7.5–18.7) | 0.148 |
| Neutrophil (103/μL), median (IQR) | 84.0 (75.9–89.2) | 84.0 (76.0–89.4) | 84.1 (75.5–88.8) | 0.665 |
| Lymphocyte (103/μL), median (IQR) | 10.1 (6.6–16.0) | 10.2 (6.9–15.8) | 9.9 (6.0–16.2) | 0.274 |
| Hemoglobin, median (IQR) | 10.9 (9.2–12.5) | 11.1 (9.4–12.6) | 10.6 (8.9–11.9) | 0.003 |
| Platelet (103/μL), median (IQR) | 205.0 (134.0–294.2) | 209.0 (149.0–301.0) | 187.0 (96.0–279.5) | 0.003 |
| Lactate (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 4.3 (5.2) | 3.6 (4.1) | 6.1 (6.8) | < 0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L), median (IQR) | 13.4 (5.8–22.0) | 11.8 (4.8–20.8) | 17.2 (10.2–24.0) | < 0.001 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL), mean (SD) | 2.4 (7.7) | 2.3 (8.4) | 2.7 (5.2) | 0.706 |
| BUN (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 27.0 (15.0–44.0) | 26.0 (15.0–42.0) | 29.0 (17.0–51.5) | 0.031 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 1.2 (0.8–2.1) | 1.1 (0.8–1.9) | 1.4 (0.9–2.3) | 0.006 |
| Na (mEq/L), median (IQR) | 136.0 (132.2–139.8) | 136.2 (132.8–139.9) | 135.1 (131.2–139.1) | 0.027 |
| K (mEq/L), median (IQR) | 4.1 (3.6–4.7) | 4.1 (3.6–4.6) | 4.1 (3.5–4.7) | 0.986 |
| TCO2 (mEq/L), mean (SD) | 20.1 (6.6) | 20.4 (6.5) | 19.3 (6.6) | 0.034 |
| AST (U/L), median (IQR) | 39.0 (26.0–74.0) | 37.0 (25.0–70.0) | 45.0 (28.0–91.0) | 0.005 |
| ALT (U/L), median (IQR) | 20.0 (12.0–38.0) | 20.0 (11.0–37.0) | 19.0 (12.0–38.5) | 0.914 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 0.8 (0.6–1.4) | 0.8 (0.6–1.4) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 0.024 |
| ALP (IU/L), median (IQR) | 95.0 (71.8–132.0) | 93.0 (71.0–125.0) | 100.0 (76.0–148.0) | 0.002 |
| PT INR, median (IQR) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | < 0.001 |
| Troponin I (µg/L), mean (SD) | 62.3 (570.2) | 56.5 (598.6) | 77.8 (485.9) | 0.649 |
| NT-proBNP, mean (SD) | 7597.3 (10,760.1) | 7527.8 (10,898.5) | 7751.6 (10,445.0) | 0.817 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Steroid, n (%) | 564 (69.1%) | 385 (64.9%) | 179 (80.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Vasopressor, n (%) | 353 (43.3%) | 195 (32.9%) | 158 (70.9%) | < 0.001 |
APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MBP, mean blood pressure; PR, pulse rate; RR, respiratory rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; NT-proBNP, n-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide; PT INR, international normalized ratio of prothrombin time; SAPS, Simplified Acute Physiology Score; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.