Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population (n = 26).
| T0 aseline | T3 Visit after 3 months | T6 Visit after 6 months | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 26 | 26 | 26 | – |
| Age [years] | 59.0 ± 9.9 | 59.0 ± 9.9 | 59.0 ± 9.9 | – |
| Sex [n female, %] | 9 (35%) | 9 (35%) | 9 (35%) | – |
| Prevalence hyperglycemia [n, %] | 17 (65%) | n.a. | 13 (50%) | 0.04 |
| BMI [kg/m²] | 30.4 ± 4.8 | 31.6 ± 4.7 | 31.6 ± 4.6 | <0.0001 |
| Body weight [kg] | 91.0 ± 15.4 | 94.3 ± 15.9 | 94.7 ± 15.3 | <0.0001 |
| WHR | 0.94 ± 0.08 | 0.94 ± 0.08 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.11 |
| Fat mass [%] | 24 ± 10 | 24 ± 10 | 26 ± 13 | 0.30 |
| Systolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 132 ± 16 | 133 ± 16 | 135 ± 18 | 0.37 |
| Diastolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 84 ± 7 | 85 ± 8 | 84 ± 9 | 0.98 |
| First random glucose [mmol/L] | 6.5 (6.0, 7.5) | – | – | – |
| Fasting glucose [mmol/L] | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 0.83 |
| Glucose after 2 h [mmol/L] | 9.1 ± 2.5 | n.a. | 7.6 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin [mIU/L] | 13.0 (9.1, 17.5) | 14.2 (10.9, 16.7) | 7.7 (6.2, 13.4) | 0.01 |
| Insulin after 2 h [mIU/L] | 77.8 (49.5, 109.2) | n.a. | 48.2 (36.7, 121.9) | 0.06 |
| Fasting C-peptide [pmol/L] | 890 ± 272 | 706 ± 265 | 558 ± 215 | <0.0001 |
| C-peptide after 2 h [pmol/L] | 3340 ± 792 | n.a. | 2312 ± 716 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting NEFA [mmol/L] | 0.96 ± 0.25 | n.a. | 0.77 ± 0.27 | 0.001 |
| NEFA after 2 h [mmol/L] | 0.57 ± 0.20 | n.a. | 0.34 ± 0.14 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting glycerol [µmol/L] | 260 ± 72 | n.a. | 156 ± 47 | <0.0001 |
| Glycerol after 2 h [µmol/L] | 218 ± 53 | n.a. | 121 ± 25 | <0.0001 |
| Insulinogenic index | 1.17 (0.85, 1.70) | n.a. | 1.49 (0.81, 1.53) | 0.29 |
| Insulin sensitivity index | 3.23 ± 1.41 | n.a. | 4.53 ± 2.30 | 0.003 |
| Disposition index | 4.83 ± 4.20 | n.a. | 4.89 ± 2.58 | 0.86 |
| HOMA-beta | 1.59 (1.14, 2.50) | n.a. | 1.01 (0.81, 1.53) | 0.01 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.62 (1.97, 4.93) | n.a. | 1.77 (1.48, 3.42) | 0.01 |
| HbA1c [mmol/mol] | 47.4 ± 13.4 | 35.6 ± 4.3 | 37.8 ± 4.2 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides [mmol/L] | 1.76 ± 0.89 | 1.72 ± 1.28 | 1.50 ± 0.83 | 0.08 |
| Total cholesterol [mmol/L] | 4.36 ± 0.84 | 5.19 ± 1.14 | 4.77 ± 0.92 | 0.11 |
| HDL cholesterol [mmol/L] | 1.30 ± 0.34 | 1.20 ± 0.26 | 1.19 ± 0.33 | 0.16 |
| LDL cholesterol [mmol/L] | 2.26 ± 0.77 | 3.31 ± 1.06 | 2.91 ± 0.90 | 0.01 |
| ALT [μkat/L] | 1.11 ± 0.58 | 0.49 ± 0.18 | 0.46 ± 0.19 | <0.0001 |
| AST [μkat/L] | 0.49 ± 0.20 | 0.38 ± 0.09 | 0.36 ± 0.11 | 0.001 |
| Urea [mmol/L] | 5.59 ± 2.80 | 5.40 ± 1.47 | 5.76 ± 1.42 | 0.73 |
| Creatinine [μmol/L] | 68.7 ± 15.4 | 74.4 ± 15.1 | 75.8 ± 15.6 | <0.001 |
| Albumine [g/L] | 40.3 ± 1.9 | 47.1 ± 6.1 | 43.0 ± 2.6 | <0.0001 |
| Cortisol [nmol/L] | 258 ± 184 | n.a. | 249 ± 99 | 0.81 |
| TSH [µmol/L] | 1.89 (1.50, 2.66) | n.a. | 1.51 (1.23, 1.85) | <0.001 |
| Triiodothyronine (T3) [pmol/L] | 5.25 ± 0.72 | n.a. | 5.74 ± 0.52 | 0.01 |
| Thyroxine (T4) [pmol/L] | 15.9 ± 3.7 | n.a. | 14.5 ± 1.9 | 0.03 |
| White blood cells [×109/L] | 9.65 ± 4.11 | 6.68 ± 1.65 | 6.08 ± 1.67 | <0.001 |
| Platelets [×109/L] | 234 ± 112 | 247 ± 61 | 211 ± 57 | 0.26 |
| D-dimer [μg/L] | 925 (340, 2140) | 590 (310, 860) | 250 (210, 530) | <0.001 |
| Baecke Score | 6.54 ± 1.31 | 7.61 ± 1.56 | 7.58 ± 1.49 | 0.005 |
Normally distributed variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and skewed distributed variables as median and interquartile range.
P-values for differences between T0 and T6 were calculated with paired T-test for normal distributed variables, with Wilcoxon signed-rank test for skewed distributed variables and via Chi-square test for categorical variables.
Statistically significant values are shown in bold.