Figure 2.

Inhibitory effects of GSSSG on LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines in Müller cells. Changes of IL-6 and Ccl2 mRNA expression (A and B) and protein secretion (C and D) in mouse primary Müller cells. For gene expression analysis using RT-qPCR (A and B), cells were pretreated with GSSSG for 1 h, followed by LPS treatment for 6 h. For protein quantification using ELISA (C and D), cells were also pretreated with GSSSG for 1 h, then subjected to LPS treatment for either 6 h or 24 h. Culture supernatants obtained from cells treated with LPS for 6 h and 24 h were used for protein quantification of IL-6 and Ccl2, respectively. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the mean. ^##P < 0.01 versus LPS( −)GSSSG( −) controls (Welch's t test; n = 4); **P < 0.01 versus LPS( +)GSSSG( −) (Dunnett's test; n = 4).