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. 2023 Apr 3;31(4):1823–1838. doi: 10.1007/s10787-023-01189-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Effects of UCMSC-Exos on CD4⁺ T cells proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and inflammatory factors in the peripheral blood of pSS patients. A. UCMSC-Exos inhibited the hyperproliferation of CD4⁺ T cells, blocked them in the G0/G1 phase, and inhibited them from entering the S phase. B UCMSC-Exos inhibited the excessive apoptosis of CD4⁺ T cells. C UCMSC-Exos inhibited the differentiation of CD4⁺ T cells to Th17 cells and Tregs, and restored the balance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Tregs. D UCMSC-Exos inhibited the secretion of the CD4⁺ T cell-related pro-inflammatory factors IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17A, and IL-17F, and promoted the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 and TGF-β. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001