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. 2023 Apr 3;31(4):1823–1838. doi: 10.1007/s10787-023-01189-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — UCMSC-Exos regulated the proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of CD4⁺ T cells in pSS patients by inhibiting the autophagy. A Effects of UCMSC-Exos on CD4⁺ T cells proliferation after autophagy induction by RAPA. B Effects of UCMSC-Exos on CD4⁺ T cells proliferation after autophagy inhibited by HCQ. C Effects of UCMSC-Exos on CD4⁺ T cells apoptosis after autophagy induction by RAPA. D Effects of UCMSC-Exos on CD4⁺ T cells apoptosis after autophagy inhibited by HCQ. E, F Effects of UCMSC-Exos on Th17 cells (E) and Tregs differentiation (F) after RAPA induction of autophagy. G, H Effects of UCMSC-Exos on Th17 cells (G) and Tregs differentiation (H) after HCQ inhibition of autophagy. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001