Table 2.
Baseline characteristics
| All | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 315 (100%) | N = 229 (73%) | N = 47 (15%) | N = 39 (12%) | |
| Age | 80 (15 |27–98|) | 83 (15 |43–97|) | 80 (10 |54–84|) | 73 (23 |33–79|) |
| Age ≥ 85 | 108 (34%) | 108 (47%) | – | – |
| Age < 70 | 51 (16%) | 31 (14%) | 7 (15%) | 13 (33%) |
| Female sex | 136 (43%) | 99 (43%) | 23 (49%) | 14 (36%) |
| Clinical frailty scale, CFS | 6 (3) | 6 (2) | 6 (2) | 4 (1) |
| 0–3 | 27 (9%) | 9 (4%) | 6 (13%) | 12 (31%) |
| 4 | 65 (21%) | 41 (18%) | 7 (15%) | 18 (46%) |
| 5 | 47 (15%) | 32 (14%) | 6 (13%) | 9 (23%) |
| 6 | 71 (23%) | 43 (19%) | 28 (60%) | – |
| 7–9 | 104 (33%) | 104 (45%) | – | – |
| Living condition | ||||
| Home without home nursing | 120 (38%) | 67 (29%) | 18 (38%) | 35 (90%) |
| Home with home nursing | 118 (37%) | 91 (40%) | 22 (49%) | 4 (10%) |
| Nursing home | 77 (24%) | 71 (31%) | 6 (13%) | 0 |
| Hospitalized prior year | 223 (71%) | 172 (75%) | 29 (62%) | 22 (56%) |
| Number of stays | 3 (5) | 3 (5) | 4 (6) | 2.5 (3) |
| Days hospitalized | 16 (22) | 15 (23) | 17 (24) | 16 (20) |
| Charlson comorbidity index, CCI | 3 (4) | 3 (4) | 3 (6) | 2 (4) |
| 0–2, mild comorbidity | 126 (40%) | 83 (36%) | 15 (32%) | 28 (72%) |
| 3–4, moderate comorbidity | 88 (28%) | 64 (28%) | 13 (28%) | 11 (28%) |
| ≥ 5, severe comorbidity | 101 (32%) | 82 (36%) | 19 (40%) | – |
| CCI, age adjusted | 7 (4) | 7 (3) | 7 (6) | 5 (4) |
| COPD | 103 (33%) | 67 (29%) | 18 (38%) | 18 (46%) |
| Diabetes | 93 (30%) | 62 (27%) | 23 (49%) | 8 (21%) |
| Heart failure | 90 (29%) | 68 (30%) | 15 (32%) | 7 (18%) |
| Prior stroke/TIA | 78 (25%) | 59 (26%) | 15 (32%) | 4 (10%) |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 77 (24%) | 54 (24%) | 14 (30%) | 9 (23%) |
| Dementia | 53 (17%) | 48 (21%) | 4 (9%) | 1 (3%) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 44 (14%) | 29 (13%) | 13 (28%) | 2 (5%) |
| Rheumatological disease | 36 (11%) | 22 (10%) | 10 (21%) | 4 (10%) |
| Moderate–severe kidney disease* | 20 (6%) | 9 (4%) | 10 (21%) | 1 (3%) |
| Cancer | 87 (28%) | 78 (34%) | 5 (11%) | 4 (10%) |
| Other advanced condition, e.g., neuromuscular disease | 32 (10%) | 21 (9%) | 6 (13%) | 5 (13%) |
| End-stage condition | 93 (30%) | 93 (41%) | – | – |
| Immunosuppression | 54 (17%) | 43 (19%) | 7 (15%) | 4 (10%) |
| Daily medications | 7 (6) | 7 (4) | 9 (6) | 5 (10) |
| Polypharmacy, ≥ 5 | 234 (75%) | 172 (75%) | 39 (83%) | 23 (59%) |
| Major polypharmacy, ≥ 10 | 81 (26%) | 53 (23%) | 22 (47%) | 6 (15%) |
Values are number (proportion) or median (IQR, |range|). Cluster 1: Age ≥ 85, CFS ≥ 7 or end-stage condition. Cluster 2: Age ≥ 80, CFS 6 or CCI ≥ 5. Cluster 3: Neither cluster 1 nor cluster 2
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, TIA transient ischemic attack
*Creatinine > 3 mg/dL (0.27 mmol/L), or post-kidney transplant, on dialysis or uremia