Table 1.
Effects of parents’ native language (L1) background and maternal education on children’s exposure to English from grandparents between 30 and 60 months (n = 149).
| β | Standard error | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Model 1 (base model) | |||
| Intercept | 0.63 | 0.16 | <0.001 |
| Age | 0 | 0.05 | 0.925 |
| Model 2A (demographic variable model: parents’ L1 background) | |||
| Intercept | 1.76 | 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Age | −0.17 | 0.1 | 0.08 |
| Parents’ L1 background | −1.62 | 0.36 | <0.001 |
| Age × parents’ L1 background | 0.25 | 0.11 | 0.027 |
| Model 2B (demographic variable model: maternal education) | |||
| Intercept | 0.52 | 0.19 | 0.007 |
| Age | 0 | 0.06 | 0.998 |
| Maternal education | 0.44 | 0.37 | 0.233 |
| Age × maternal education | −0.02 | 0.11 | 0.871 |
|
| |||
| Goodness of fit | Model 1 | Model 2A | Model 2B |
|
| |||
| −2 log-likelihood model fit index | 2787.65 | 2591.36 | 2771.12 |
| Akaike information criterion | 2795.66 | 2603.36 | 2783.12 |
| Bayesian information criterion | 2813.33 | 2629.52 | 2809.61 |