Table 2.
Anthropometric, biochemical, and cardiometabolic biomarkers of overweight women at baseline and at 2-week and 4-week time points during the intake of blood orange juice.
| Variables | Baseline | 2 weeks | 4 weeks | Value of p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight (kg) | 73.65 ± 6.36 | 73.88 ± 6.37 | 73.99 ± 6.69 | 0.722 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.86 ± 0.41 | 27.95 ± 0.45 | 27.99 ± 0.52 | 0.938 |
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | 90.00 ± 1.55 | 88.75 ± 1.50 | 88.92 ± 1.51 | 0.741 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| Systolic | 118.67 ± 2.55 | 113.92 ± 3.93 | 113.83 ± 4.42 | 0.338 |
| Diastolic | 73.08 ± 2.35 a | 69.25 ± 2.77 b | 69.25 ± 1.89 b | 0.020 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 79.58 ± 3.36 | 75.08 ± 2.40 | 74.75 ± 3.36 | 0.537 |
| Insulin (μUI/mL) | 17.05 ± 1.96 | 15.25 ± 1.37 | 14.21 ± 1.22 | 0.558 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.43 ± 0.52 | 2.83 ± 0.27 | 2.56 ± 0.17 | 0.338 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||
| HDL | 50.08 ± 4.39 | 47.75 ± 3.42 | 49.83 ± 4.44 | 0.112 |
| LDL | 70.83 ± 6.97 | 76.17 ± 8.03 | 78.50 ± 6.36 | 0.338 |
| Total | 138.42 ± 9.32 | 144.08 ± 9.77 | 150.50 ± 9.02 | 0.717 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 88.00 ± 10.91 | 100.67 ± 13.67 | 104.75 ± 15.31 | 0.205 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 2.23 ± 0.38 | 2.84 ± 0.57 | 2.20 ± 0.49 | 0.405 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 3.10 ± 0.12 | 3.12 ± 0.13 | 3.10 ± 0.12 | 0.723 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 3.95 ± 0.67 | 3.96 ± 0.72 | 4.15 ± 0.76 | 0.236 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 3.83 ± 0.19 | 3.88 ± 0.23 | 3.92 ± 0.18 | 0.976 |
| VCAM-1 (ng/mL) | 554.99 ± 15.63 a | 553.62 ± 14.31 ab | 545.31 ± 14.65 b | 0.039 |
| ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 367.57 ± 25.73 | 353.73 ± 28.89 | 349.34 ± 27.69 | 0.920 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 301.17 ± 23.91 | 273.33 ± 21.25 | 297.75 ± 26.81 | 0.205 |
| LPS (EU/mL) | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.875 |
BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL, interleukin; VCAM-1, vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; LPS, lipopolysaccharide. The p-values were calculated using the Friedman test. Values in bold and different superscript letters indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05) among values (n = 12) obtained in the baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks of blood orange juice intake.