Table 1.
Effects of different Chinese medicine on CRC via regulating the gut microbiota.
| Source | Main ingredients | Animal model | Chemical composition | Action on gut microbiota | Beneficial changes achieved |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coptis chinensis | isoquinoline alkaloid berberine | Apc min/+ mice fed with an HFD | alkaloid | suppress Akkermansia and elevate some short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria(Lachnospiraceae) | Attenuated the increase in bodyweight, reduced the tumor number and tumor load, reduced the expressions of cyclin D1 and β-catenin |
| Zizyphus jujuba | Muzao polysaccharides | AOM/DSS | polysaccharide | Increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium_sp_K4410MGS-306, decreased the abundance of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes | Prevented CRC mouse colon shortening, decreased their mortality, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased the concentration of SCFAs |
| jujube fruit | jujube polysaccharides | AOM/DSS | polysaccharide | Increased the abundance of Lactobacillaceae, Bacteroidaceae and Debaryomycetaceae; decreased the abundance of Herpotrichiellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Aspergillaceae and Lachnospiraceae |
Decreased the number and sizes of tumors |
| Poria cocos | Carboxymethylated pachyman | AOM/DSS | polysaccharide | Increased the proportion of Bacteroidetes, Lactobacilli, and butyric acid-producing and acetic acid-producing bacteria | Reversed intestinal shortening, alleviated 5-fluorouracil-induced colon injury; decreased the expression of NF-κB, p-p38 and Bax. |
| Curcumin | Curcuma longa plant | AOM/Il10−/− | polyphenol | Increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillales, and decreased Coriobacterales order | Increased survival, decreased colon weight/length ratio, eliminated tumor burden. |
| polysaccharides isolated from N. commune | Nostoc commune Vaucher | AOM/DSS | polysaccharide | Increased the number of the SCFA-producing genera, (Butyricicoccus, Butyrivibrio and Butyricimonas, Lachnospiraceae UCG 001, Lachnospiraceae UCG 006, and Blautia) | Decreased the number and sizes of tumors and reduced the incidence of intestinal tumors. |
| Isoliquiritigenin | licorice | AOM/DSS | flavonoids | reduced the abundance of Escherichia and Enterococcus, and increased the levels of butyrate-producing bacteria (Butyricicoccus, Clostridium, and Ruminococcus) | Decreased the incidence of cancer, decreased the levels of many cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-1β) |
| Apiumgraveolens L. | Apigenin | AOM/DSS | flavonoids | Increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria | Decreased tumor morbidity |
| green tea | epigallocatechin gallate | AOM/DSS | polyphenol | Increased the population of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus | Reduces experimental colitis and inhibits the formation of aberrant crypt foci |
| black raspberry | anthocyanins | AOM/DSS | polyphenol | Increase the abundance of Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Lactobacillus, decrease the abundance of Desulfovibrio. and Enterococcus | Downregulated the expression levels of DNMT31, DNMT3B and p-STAT3 |
| Flos Sophorae Immaturus | Quercetin | AOM/DSS | flavonoids | Decreased the abundance of Proteobacteria, increases the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroides | Cytoprotective effects in the intestinal epithelium and protection against colon tumorigenesis, reduce tumor numbers |
| Gynostemma pentaphyllum | Ginsenosides Rb3 and Rd | ApcMin/+ mice | triterpenes | Increased the population of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides; reduced the abundance of A.muciniphila, Dysgonomonas and Helicobacter | Reduced the size and the number of the polyps, promoted goblet and Paneth cells population, improved intestinal epithelial structure |
| Panax quinquefolius L. | ginsenosides | AOM/DSS | triterpenes | Decreased the levels of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia | Reduced tumor multiplicity, inhibited inflammatory cytokines, and increased the glutamine level |
| Gegen Qinlian decoction | Radix Puerariae, Scutellariae Radix,Coptidis Rhizoma, and liquorice | CT26 tumour | – | Increased the population of Bacteroides_acidifaciens and Bacteroidales_S24-7_group | Inhibited the growth of CT26 tumours |
| Yi-Yi-Fu-Zi-Bai-Jiang-San | Semen Coicis, monkshood, Herba Patriniae | ApcMin/+ mice | – | Increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Prevotellaceae; decreased the abundance of Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae, unclassified lachnospiraceae | Suppresses intestinal tumorigenesis and expression of Ki67, PCNA, and reactivity to BrdU |
| Wu Mei Wan | Herba Hedyotidis, Scutellariae Barbatae Herba,Paridis Rhizoma et al. |
AOM/DSS | – | decreased the abundance of bacteroidales_s24-7_group; increased the population of Lachnospiraceae | Decreased the expression of p65, IL-6, and p-STAT3, reduce DAI score, tumor formation, tumor volume, and grade of tumorigenesis |