Table 3.
Cardiac related clinical symptoms and measurements of pediatric patients with COVID-19-induced myocarditis
| Reference | Authors/Country | Number of cases | Age/Sex | Physical exam | ECG | Echo | Imaging and Lab | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [74] | Gnecchi et al., Italy | 1 | 16 M | Chest pain, fever | Inferolateral ST-segment elevation | Hypokinesia of the inferior and inferolateral segments of the left ventricle, with a preserved ejection fraction of 52% | ↑troponin, ↑CRP | Recovery |
| [22] | Kesici et al., Turkey | 1 | 2 M | Respiratory distress with filiform pulse, lethargy | NA | Severe LV failure | ↑troponin | Death |
| [75] | Giacomet et al., Italy | 1 | 2 mo. F | Fever, nonbloody diarrhea, 2 episodes of vomiting | Sinus tachycardia | Hypokinesia of the inferior LV wall and the inferior interventricular septum, mild LV dysfunction | ↑troponin, ↑pro-BNP, ↑IL-6 | Recovery |
| [25] | Malakan Rad and Momtazmanesh, Iran | 1 | 3 M | Fever, cough | T-wave inversion in left precordial leads | Severely diminished LV systolic function in favor of dilated cardiomyopathy with an ejection fraction of 26%, significant LV enlargement | ↑NT-pro-BNP | NA |
| [26] | Lara et al., US | 1 | 12 F | Fatigue, fever, diffuse abdominal pain, nausea, hypothermia, bradycardia | Complete heart block with atrial rate of 150 bpm and ventricular escape rate of 43 bpm | Severely diminished LV systolic function with an ejection fraction of 27% | ↑troponin | Recovery |
| [76] | Buitrago et al., US | 1 | 12 F | Headache, neck pain, lethargy, nausea, diarrhea, febrile | ST-segment elevations in the inferior leads, II, III, and aVF | Reduced left ventricular systolic function | ↑troponin, ↑CRP | Recovery |
| [77] | Aeschlimann et al., France | 20 | 10 (65% males) | Fever, dyspnea, chest pain, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms | No specific results for myocarditis group | LVEF<55% for most of the patients, pericardial effusion | ↑NT-pro-BNP, ↑pro-BNP, ↑CRP | NA |
| [5] | Guner Ozenen et al., Turkey | 6 | 50 mo. (50% males) | Fever, dyspnea, tachypnea, irritability, tachycardia, hypotension, fatigue, abdominal pain | Sinus tachycardia, QTc prolongation | LV systolic dysfunction, LV dilation, left coronary artery ectasia | ↑troponin, ↑CRP | NA |