Table 3.
Biological activities and applications of different chicozapote extracts.
| Biological activity | Application | Source | Assay | Parameter | Dose | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant | Antioxidant capacity | Ethanolic pulp extract | DPPH assay ABTS assay |
IC50 (μg/mL) | DA | 37.63 ± 1.18 73.14 ± 2.84 |
(48) |
| Anti-inflammatory | Chronic inflammatory conditions | Methanolic bark extract | Carrageenan-induced edema test Histamine-induced edema test |
Right hind paw volume (mm) | 200 mg/kg 400 mg/kg 200 mg/kg 400 mg/kg |
0.84 ± 0.04 0.58 ± 0.07 0.94 ± 0.03 0.063 ± 0.07 |
(51) |
| Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic | Inflammatory conditions | AG isolated from ethyl acetate leaf extract | 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay Griess assay (10 and 25 μg/ml) ELISA (10 and 25 μg/ml) |
Cell viability (%) Inhibition of NO production (%), IC50 (μg/mL) Inhibition of PGE2 production (%), IC50 (μg/mL) |
10 to 100 μg/mL 10 μg/mL 25 μg/mL 10 μg/mL 25 μg/mL |
< 90% viability in 10 to 100 μg/mL 48.05, 65.23 ± 0.41 62.67, 65.23 ± 0.41 34.92, 76.09 ± 0.72 47.51, 76.09 ± 0.72 |
(39) |
| Cytotoxic and antitumor | Cancer | Aqueous leaf extract | 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay (1) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay (2) |
IC50 (μg/mL) | 1.56 to 200 μg/mL | HT-29: 42.48 ± 7.40 (1), 46.98 ± 1.23 (2) HCT-116: 92.15 ± 7.89 (1), 88.37 ± 8.23 (2) HeLa: 48.72 ± 3.53 (1), 63.46 ± 6.93 (2) HGT-1: 47.57 ± 5. 12 (1), 91.92 ± 6.54 (2) HepG2: 49.03 ± 5.98 (1), 48.97 ± 7.94 (2) |
(53) |
| Antilipidemic and antidiabetic | Metabolic syndrome | Ethanolic bark extract |
In vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assay Anti-hyperglycemic assay |
Inhibition (%), IC50 (μg/ml) Oral glucose tolerance test and blood glucose (mg/dl) Body weight (g) High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), Total cholesterol, Triglyceride (mg/dl) |
100 μg/ml 250 mg/kg 250 mg/kg 250 mg/kg |
63.58 ± 1.05, 119.79 ± 1.52 115.68 ± 4.05, 198.68 ± 9.52 6.93 ± 4.83 71.63 ± 2.84, 53.24 ± 2.08, 146.67 ± 4.29, 140.68 ± 5.46 |
(33) |
| Antimicrobial and antifungal | Infectious diseases | Ethyl acetate stem bark extract | Disk diffusion assay Serial dilution technique |
Zone of inhibition (mm) for antibacterial and antifungal Minimum inhibitory concentration (μg/ml) |
300, 600, and 900 μg/disk | Inhibition in all pathogenic bacteria, 8–15 mm. 8-13 mm on Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium sp., and Vasianfactum sp. | (54) |
| Antimicrobial synergic effect | Multi-drug resistant microorganisms (MDR) | Methanolic Cassia fistula flower and Chicozapote leaf extract (1) Ethanolic Cassia fistula flower and Chicozapote leaf extract (2) |
Well-diffusion assay | Zone of inhibition (mm) for antibacterial and antifungal | 250–1,000 mg/ml | Inhibition in Staphylococcus aureus, 12 to 21 mm (1), and 11 to 21 (2). Inhibition in Aspergillus niger, 10 to 21 mm (1), and 11 to 23 mm (2). |
(52) |
| Anti-aging activity | Aging | Ethanolic pulp extract | DPPH assay Collagenase inhibition assay Elastase inhibition assay |
IC50 (μg/ml) Collagenase inhibition (%) Elastase inhibition (%) |
100 mg/mL 140 μg/mL 80 μg/mL |
80.00 ± 1.88 64.66 47.74 |
(47) |
| Gastroprotective | Ulcerative colitis | Ethanolic bark extract | Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) level Catalase (CAT), Sulfur dioxyfenase (SDO), Glutathione (GSH) |
Disease activity index (% protection) Weight of Colon (mg/cm) OD/g tissue μg/50 mg tissue |
150 mg/kg 200 mg/kg 150 mg/kg 200 mg/kg 150 mg/kg 200 mg/kg |
5.47 ± 0.61, 185.28 ± 5.61 3.28 ± 0.57, 170.11 ± 5.11 38.84 ± 2.63, 62.10 ± 3.10 29.43 ± 1.24, 50.21 ± 2.92 34.28 ± 1.60, 58.39 ± 2.55, 27.55 ± 1.61 41.92 ± 2.42, 70.11 ± 2.97, 32.62 ± 1.75 |
(55) |
| Hepatoprotective | Hepatic disease | Ethanolic bark extract | DPPH assay CCl4 assay |
IC50 (μg/ml) Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) (U/L) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (KA) Total bilirubin and total protein (mg/dl) |
500 μg/ml 300 μg/ml 300 μg/ml 300 μg/ml 300 μg/ml |
16.83 44.62 ± 0.51, 66.54 ± 1.07 47.70 ± 0.02 4.47 ± 0.02, 8.54 ± 0.08 7.31 ± 0.35 |
(56) |
| Anti-arthritic | Ethanolic leaf extract | Arthritis | In vitro inhibition of protein denaturation | Protein denaturation (%) | 100 μg/ml 250 μg/ml |
58.89 ± 6.29 75.84 ± 2.31 |
(57) |
| Neuro-depressant | Ethanolic leaf extract | Insomnia | Phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time test | Sleeping time (min) | 200 mg/kg | 93 | (41) |
| Anti-HIV | Prenylated coumarins isolated from ethanolic pulp extract | HIV | Cytopathic inhibition effects of HIV-1 assay | Half maximal effective concentration (EC50) (μM) | DA | 0.12–8.69d | (46) |
*DA, does not apply.