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. 2023 Jul 4;13:1189350. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1189350

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Copyright © 2023 Lai, Ahmed, Hwang, Bahar, Pham, Yang, Kim, Maulidi, Lee, Kim, Kim and Kim

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A proposed model of RKIP expression and its regulators on cell migratory activity. Estrogen receptor (ESR1)-negative cancer cells are highly metastatic. In addition to the known effects of losing ER receptors, we propose a connection to RKIP. Cell lines with high RKIP (MCF-7) have low metastatic potential, while cells with low RKIP (MDA-MB-231) are highly metastatic. Pharmacologically activating RKIP (by Epirubicin treatment) increases the expression of the gene and lowers cell migratory abilities. We also propose that the drug promotes the expression of the gene through NME1, which binds to the promoter of RKIP and increases its transcription. Conversely, inhibiting SNAI1 could promote the expression of RKIP. Created with Biorender.com.