TABLE 3.
Other animal models of CRC.
| Classification | Animal | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Invertebrate | Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) | The model can represent the composition of mammalian intestinal cells, aids in avoiding cancer heterogeneity | The model has no acquired immune function and has a short life cycle. It is impossible to simulate the complexity of tumor development | Bhandari and Shashidhara, 2001 Martorell et al., 2014 |
| Vertebrate | Danio rerio (zebrafish) | Histopathological features of intestinal tumors are similar to those of human tumors. High transparency of seedlings, small size, short developmental cycle, in vitro fertilization, and large number of eggs. Requires small experimental dosage and is less time-consuming | The culture temperature is inconsistent with the growth temperature of tumor cells. Long-term tumor transplantation experiments cannot be performed | Amatruda et al. (2002) |
| Trede et al. (2004) | ||||
| Haldi et al. (2006) | ||||
| Brugman et al. (2009) | ||||
| Paquette et al. (2013) | ||||
| Canis lupus familiaris (Dog) | The model has a similar physiological structure to humans, and the mechanism of pathogenesis is similar to sporadic CRC in humans. Gentle character, good experimental coordination, and repeatability | Long duration of modeling, observational inconveniences, not suitable for acute experiments | Kamano et al. (1981) | |
| Kamano et al. (1983) | ||||
| Youmans et al. (2012) | ||||
| Felis catus (Domestic cat) | The histological subtype of the model is similar to that of advanced CRC in humans. Model can be used for studying the germination of intestinal tumor in CRC. | Low incidence, tumors mostly occur in the small intestine | Uneyama et al. (2021) | |
| Groll et al. (2021) | ||||
| Sus scrofa (Pig) | The anatomical structure of the small intestine is similar to that of humans. Model has a moderate size and long life. The progression and accumulation of mutations in CRC can be monitored by colonoscopy screening | The model cannot be used to study acute CRC as the process of cancer formation is slow | Llanos et al. (2006) | |
| Sangild et al. (2006) | ||||
| Flisikowska et al. (2012) | ||||
| Dean (2013) | ||||
| Flisikowska et al. (2017) | ||||
| Gonzalez et al. (2019) | ||||
| Ovis aries (Sheep) | Cellular differentiation in the model is similar to that of colon adenocarcinoma in humans. Model can be used to study advanced CRC. | Adenocarcinoma develops in the small intestine | Munday et al. (2006) | |
| Macaca mulatta (Rhesus monkey) | Shares high genomic homology with humans; anatomical and physiological similarities. Shares same clinicopathological features as human Lynch syndrome | Research cycle or modeling time-consuming | Bakken et al. (2016) | |
| Dray et al. (2018) | ||||
| Ozirmak et al. (2022) |