TABLE 5.

Applications of animal models of CRC.

TCM syndrome	Research methods/models	References
CRC with spleen qi deficiency syndromeHou et al., 2018 (SDS)	Restricted feeding/fatigue/purging + hypodermic implantation of C26 tumor cells to establish a spleen deficiency with cachexia model	Zhang et al. (2020)
CRC with damp-heat syndrome (DHS)	HFD/AOM/DSS-induced malignant tumor (stasis-toxin) model	Cao and Zhou (2020)
		Huang et al. (2022)
CRC with internal retention of toxin stagnation syndrome (IRTSS)	LPS tail vein and peritoneal injection + hypodermic implantation of C26 tumor cells to establish colorectal tumor-bearing with syndrome of heat-toxicity and blood stasis model	Li et al. (2017b)