Skip to main content
. 2023 Apr 27;3(7):955–968. doi: 10.1021/acsestengg.3c00004

Table 4. Diversity of Alkaline Solids That Can Be Used for Anolyte Re-Alkalinization Ordered as a Function of Their Stoichiometric Acid Neutralization Capacity (ANC).

Solute Description ANC (mol H+/kg solid)
Periclase MgO, a mineral found in metamorphic rocks 49.63
Lime CaO, can be naturally occurring or synthetic 35.66
Lime kiln dust51 Byproduct of lime manufacturing 34.38
Forsterite Mg2SiO4, the Mg-endmember of olivine 28.43
Olivine52 Group of nesosilicate minerals found in ultramafic rocks 25.97
Larnite Ca2SiO4, a nesosilicate found in crystalline slags 23.22
Serpentinite Ultramafic rock rich in serpentine, a hydrothermal alteration product of olivine 22.96
Basalt Fine-grained mafic rock rich in plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene 22.91
Stainless steel slag Semicrystalline byproduct of metal manufacturing 22.02
Peridotite Ultramafic rock rich in olivine with some pyroxene 22.00
Lizardite (Serpentine) Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4, a phyllosilicate 21.65
Ladle slag Semicrystalline byproduct of metal manufacturing 20.40
Blast furnace slag53 Semicrystalline byproduct of metal manufacturing 19.97
Diopside CaMgSi2O6, a single-chained inosilicate (pyroxene) 18.47
Air-cooled blast furnace slag Crystalline byproduct of metal manufacturing 17.78
Wollastonite CaSiO3, a single-chained inosilicate 17.22
Basic oxygen furnace slag Semicrystalline byproduct of metal manufacturing 16.85
Brownmillerite Ca2(Al,Fe3+)2O5, a nonstoichiometric perovskite 16.66
Comingled electric arc furnace slag Semicrystalline byproduct of metal manufacturing 16.64
Cement kiln dust53 Amorphous byproduct of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) production 15.94
Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2, a phyllosilicate 15.82
Electric arc furnace slag Semicrystalline byproduct of metal manufacturing 15.08
Class C fly ash High-calcium fly ash from processing subbituminous and lignite coals 13.59
Reclaimed Class C fly ash High-calcium fly ash reclaimed from landfill 13.45
Anorthite CaAl2Si2O8, Ca-endmember of plagioclase feldspar, a tectosilicate 9.61
Trona-rich fly ash Fly ash containing Na3(CO3)(HCO3)·2H2O 9.44
Bytownite Na0.2Ca0.8Al1.8Si2.2O8, a type of plagioclase feldspar, a solid solution of NaAlSi3O8 and CaAl2Si2O8 6.55
Gabbro Coarse-grained mafic rock rich in plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene 6.48
Anorthosite Fine-grained mafic rock rich in anorthite 5.65
Albite NaAlSi3O8, Na-endmember of plagioclase feldspar, a tectosilicate 3.80
Class F fly ash Low-calcium fly ash from processing anthracite and bituminous coals 1.91